Cultic Studies Journal, Vol. 2 No. 1 1985, Page 65
consider/accept an invitation to a cult function than would reject one (60% vs. 40%, z =
3.80, p .001).
It is interesting to observe that more of those students who had no contact with a cult
recruiter were receptive to an invitation than were those who had been approached (60%
vs. 45%, p .01). Although a sizeable percentage of those contacted would be open to
attending a cult function, even more students would reject such an offer. This result may
show that there is a considerable amount of curiosity about cults that is diminished
somewhat by prior contacts with cult members. Or, looked at differently, the generally high
receptivity of naïve students (60%) remains fairly high even after one or more contacts with
a cult recruiter (45%). To discover the circumstances of the contact experience, as well as
other aspects of that exposure and of cult-relevant attributes of the students, we turn to our
next set of results.
Contact-Related Measures
What is the nature of the typical contact between a high school student and cult member?
The most typical contact can be described as one in which an older cult member, of either
sex, approaches a solitary student on the street in order to seek donations.
About 60% of the time the cult member was older than the student, half as often of about
the same age, but equally often of the same or opposite sex as the student. Curiously, 7%
of those teenagers who had been contacted perceived the cult member to be younger than
they were.
The student was alone on 55% of the contacts, was with one other person on 43% of the
contacts, with a small group of friends 20% of the time, and with a large group only 4% of
the time. On 14% of the occasions when approached by a cult member the student was
with his or her family.
The location of the contacts varied considerably, with the ten most frequently reported sites
being: on the street corner or middle of sidewalk (56%) at an airport (29%) in student‘s
home (29%) at a bus stop (25%) in a parking lot (24%) on school grounds (14%) while
on vacation (13%) at a friend‘s home (12%) at work place (12%), and on a park bench
(11%). Contact occurred less often in restaurants, theatres, at church group meetings, at
summer camps, or in public auditoriums (not on school grounds).
In addition to seeking donations, as reported by 73 percent of the respondents, the
recruiter‘s activity was perceived as providing information about the cult (64%) selling a
product or services (47%), and actively recruiting new members (43%).
Global reactions to the recruiter were quite varied among the students. The recruiter was as
likely to be seen as ―friendly‖ (28%) as ―unfriendly‖ (25%), with a third subset (47%)
describing the person as between these extremes. A nearly equal percentage of students
felt ―angry‖ (24%) as felt ―pleasant‖ (20%) because of the contact, while most (55%) were
effectively neutral. The majority (64%) were ―uninterested‘ in the recruiter who had
approached them, but some (12%) expressed a decided interest, while about a fourth
answered this semantic differential scale in the neutral mid-range. Although the modal
reaction was to be unafraid (52%), there were clearly some students (i2%) who reported
feeling afraid and over a third who had mixed feelings toward the cult member with whom
they had their initial contact.
Analysis of specific features of a recruiter‘s impact on those who had been approached
revealed that virtually all had more of an unfavorable than favorable impact. However, each
Cultic Studies Journal, Vol. 2 No. 1 1985, Page 66
recruiter characteristic that affected some students negatively also had a positive impact on
other students. Reactions to specific components of the recruiter‘s appearance and actions
arranged according to the percentage of students who responded negatively and positively
were-. wearing a costume or special clothing (78% negative vs. 16% positive) wearing
jewelry or badges (84% vs. 11%) using slogans and mottos (78% vs. 12%) selling food
(65% vs. 22%) showing pictures (62% vs. 20%) selling flowers (60% vs. 30%)
distributing pamphlets or brochures (55% vs. 2%) describing group‘s program (74% vs.
15%) making eye contact (64% vs 25%) showing affection (63% vs. 28%) using hand
gestures (64% vs. 25%) talking in a loud voice (78% vs. 15%), or in a soothing voice
(52% vs. 37%). When the recruiter was perceived to be ―enthusiastic‖, evaluations were
evenly divided, 46% responded positively and an equal amount negatively. Few students
mentioned that the recruiter requested donations from them, and as might be expected,
more of those who did so tended to react negatively than positively to such requests.
Perceptions of Cults
From the list of thirty groups named, the majority of students reported the following as
qualifying for cult status: Moonies (90%) Peoples Temple (89%) Hare Krishha (83%)
Manson Family (81%) Divine Light Mission (72%) Unification Church (64%) Children of
God (63%4) Friends of Love (‗-)9%) and Eckankar (51%). There was divided opinion
about whether cult was the appropriate term for Sri Chinmoy, Scientology, Love Israel,
Kundalini Yoga, Sikhs, The Way, and Est. The importance of labels in categorizing a group
as a cult is shown by the marked difference in response to three terms used for Reverend
Moon‘s Unification Church. Nearly all respondents saw the ―Moonies‖ as a cult, while about
two-thirds (64%) qualified the Unification Church as a cult, but only 38 percent identified
CARP as a cult group. CARP is the acronym for Collegiate Association for Research on
Principles, a more recently developed branch of the Unification Church.
The majority of students included in their spiritual vocabulary these terms attributed to
―new age groups‖ by expects: Bible study, cult, meditation, commune, fellowship,
consciousness raising, and The Family.
In general the descriptors selected for cults (on the semantic differential scales) tend to be
those with strongly negative connotations. Among the most frequently designated terms
for cults. are. ―not worthwhile‖ (64%) ―threatening‖ (62%) ―crazy‖ (60%) ―Profit-
minded‖ (58%) ―irresponsible‖ (50%) ―anti-freedom‖ (35%) ―Painful‖ (35%) ―political‖
(35%) and ―non-religious!‘ (22%). A smaller percentage of students endorsed positive cult
descriptors: ―religious‖ (43%) ―non-political‖ (22%) ―Pro-freedom‖(21%) ―Pleasurable‖
(14%) ―responsible‖ (10%) ―charity-minded‖ (9%) ―worthwhile‖ (9%) ―safe‖ (8%), and
―sane‖ (7%).
This generally negative view of cults extends to the respondents‘ characterizations of a
typical member. Nearly three-fourths (74%) of the students perceived the typical cult
member to be ―different from me,‖ while a mere 4 percent saw him or her as ―similar to
me.‖ The remaining 22 percent checked middle positions on the semantic differential scale,
indicating a mixture of similarity and dissimilarity. The prototypical cult member was judged
to be a person who was: ―vulnerable‖ (63%) ―lonely‖ (60%) ―weak‖ (63%) ―foolish‖
(54%) ―dependent (54%) ―depressed‖ (53%) ―stupid‘ (40%) ―irresponsible‖ (38%)
―crazy‖ (36%) fishy‖ (34%), and ―immature‖ (31%). The most extreme positive
descriptors given as characteristic of a cult member were: ―friendly‖ (27%) ―honest‖
(18%), and ―clean‖ (17%)
What do these students believe to be the primary purposes of cult groups? Positive
purposes are reported by only a minority of the subjects. Among them, in order of
decreasing frequency, are-. ―to protest against social injustice‖ (39%) ―to encourage
personal development of members‖ (35%) ―to improve the world‖ (30%) ―to provide a
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