it shows a strange, childlike respect for
the trappings of justice, and a
commitment to jargon not even the
stuffiest solicitor can match. This
thinking is to law as crystal healing is to
medicine and, like fake healing, it is not
as harmless as it appears. (Gardner,
2011b, p. 1 see Wessinger, 2000, p. 13,
about Freemen’s magical thinking)
He concluded his essay by pleading,
But law is the friend of political
progress, not its enemy. Making
companies and rich individuals pay their
share will depend on exactly those legal
and enforcement mechanisms that
freemen seek to undermine, and on the
rule of law that they mock. Freemanism
stands implicitly against social progress,
for a libertarian world is one where
everyone’s a law unto himself and
where the state has no right and no role.
We need to be aware of this nonsense so
as to resist it (Gardner, 2011b, p. 2).
The blogger Legal Bizzle returned to the debate,
this time publishing in the Guardian itself. He
concluded his essay with yet another
condemnation of Freemen philosophy and
practice:
Even in good economic times, many
people struggle with debt, and these are
very far from good times. I can
understand the feeling that lenders
pushed easy credit to people who could
never repay it, and I won’t try to defend
aggressive debt collection tactics. But
defaulting is not the easy option that Jon
Witterick makes it out to be. There is no
magic bullet for debt problems…. On
the contrary, there is every chance that
such strategies will make things worse,
for the debtor and (through higher credit
costs, for everyone else) the wider
economy. (Legal Bizzle, 2011b, p. 2)
Clearly the Guardian had unleashed a firestorm.
When, however, the magazine for the judiciary
of England and Wales ran a 2-page article on the
Freemen in 2012, it limited criticisms only to
showing some examples of Freemen strategies
failing in court (Freemen on the
Land/Benchmark, 2012, p. 19).
Similar interest in the Freemen, followed by
hostile responses from barristers, occurred in
Ireland (Freeman on the Land/RationalWiki,
2013, p. 2)—a country crippled by a debt crisis.
In May 2010, Stephen Sutton received a traffic
ticket for speeding, driving without a license,
and driving without insurance, but he disrupted
his Kilcock District Court hearing with typical
antics. He denied “that he was the ‘legal fiction
Stephen Sutton’ and ask[ed] that he be addressed
as ‘Stephen of the Family Sutton.’” He then
questioned the nature of the fine and of the
authority of the garda to have stopped him. He
continued by questioning which law—maritime
admiralty or common law—the court was
operating under. The judge had him removed
from the courtroom (Rooney, 2012, p. 13). Later
in the year (September 2010), Kenny Sludds (or
Kenny of the Family Sludds) threatened to
charge garda with rates of up to €2,000 per hour
for their impositions on him regarding a legal
matter (p. 13). Then in August 2011, another
member of the Sludds family (Bobby)
challenged a judge to produce his oath of office.
Bobby received a suspended sentence for not
having ensured his automobile and paid the auto
tax, but when he finally agreed to sign a bond to
keep the peace, initially he did so using another
name. (Presumably he was mixing the use of his
secular name with a Freeman one [p. 12]). In
early March 2012, “a Freeman … appeared in an
injunction application before the High Court,”
and an earlier High Court case in 2011 involving
securitization of loans likely had involved a
Freeman (p. 15).
In April 2013, Irish barrister Fergal Crehan
wrote a media piece that echoed the concerns of
his English counterparts concerning Freeman
law:
The Freeman theory is the legal
equivalent of quack medicine. It’s often
hilarious, but it can be dangerous. There
are a lot of frightened and vulnerable
people out there, and as with quack
medicine, the attraction of a simple
solution is great. Given the current
10 International Journal of Cultic Studies ■ Vol. 6, 2015
public mood, anything that seems to
stick it to The Man has an appeal.
I’m not happy with endless government
charges or with banks repossessing
houses, any more than anyone else is,
but if people put trust in this guff, some
of them will find themselves in jail.
(Crehan, 2013, p. 5)
For Crehan, the final test of Freeman law was its
success rate in court, but “[t]here is literally not
one single instance, worldwide, of Freeman
arguments ever succeeding before a court...”
(Crehan, 2012, p. 4).
The New Zealand and Australian
Freemen Debate
American Sovereign Citizens have undertaken
speaking trips to New Zealand and Australia
(Anti-Defamation League, 2010, p. 15)—
countries whose farmers also struggle (in their
cases, often because of drought [Perry, 2013
Thompson, 2013]), and supporters in both
countries have established relatively small but
typical Internet websites. One Australian group
calling itself United Rights Australia is
attempting to stimulate discussion of numerous
issues, many of which are typical Sovereign
concerns: taxes, fines, property rights,
sentencing, and so on (U R Australia, n.d.). An
Internet site from Perth, Australia gives a basic
statement of Sovereign beliefs (i.e., rejection of
being a “person” created by the state, the
ascendency of “natural law,” the rejection of
hidden or unrevealed “contracts,” issues
involving taxes, birth certificates, marriage
licenses [Kimosabi, 2008]). Another site
reproduces protest letters sent to Australia’s
Commission of Taxation (Authority of the Tax
Office Questioned, n. d.), and still another
argues that the Commonwealth of Australia is a
corporation (Commonwealth of Australia is a
Corporation, n. d.). From these websites,
however, it is impossible to determine how
many adherents to these positions live in the
country.
Mental Illness and Personality Disorders
Through the Internet, prison recruitments, and
seminars, various con artists flourish by hawking
get-rich-quick schemes to financially stressed
individuals within the antigovernment
movement. Although a significant portion of
these people are stressed because of their
treatment by social institutions, others
demonstrate behaviors that resemble varying
degrees of mental illness that may not
necessarily be derived from objective social
conditions. When, for example, Associate Chief
Justice Rooke offered his written opinion about
OPCA litigants, one of the cases from which he
quoted (on a decision concerning submissions
by a Moorish law adherent) suggested that the
litigants either were delusional or suffered some
type of mental impairment (Rooke, 2012, para.
180). Rooke cited a District of Columbia case in
which the court ruling described a Freeman
plaintiff’s argument as one of “fantastic or
delusional scenarios” that may have reflected
“delusional thinking” (Rooke, 2012, para. 180).
Reaching a different ruling on a Moorish law-
related case, the Immigration and Refugee Board
of Canada, Immigration Appeal Division,
decided that a Moorish law statement to it was
not written by someone who was mad and
delusional, but instead was written by someone
making a political statement (Rooke, 2012, see
p. 1196). Without pushing the question of
mental health too far, suffice it to say that
psychiatry’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
(DSM) V includes behavior characteristics of
some Sovereign Citizens, Freemen, and other
OPCA litigants.
In its section on delusional disorders, the DSM
has a discussion of “Associated Feature and
Disorders.” That discussion begins as follows:
Social, marital, or work problems can
result from the delusional beliefs of
delusional disorder. Individuals with
delusional disorder may be able to
factually describe that others view their
beliefs as irrational but are unable to
accept this themselves (i.e., there may
be “factual insight” but no true insight).
Many individuals develop irritable or
dysphoric mood, which can usually be
understood as a reaction to their
delusional beliefs. Anger and violent
behavior can occur with persecutory,
jealous, and erotomanic types. The
individual may engage in litigious or
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