Cultic Studies Journal, Vol. 9, No. 2, 1992, Page 28
demand a helpful response rather than a condemnation. The recent public exposure and trials
of a number of television evangelists‟ deceits, scams, and shenanigans have alerted many
citizens that cult deceptions, abuses, and illegalities are still occurring.
Conclusions and Summary
Some people attempt to go through their lives with low profiles by avoiding conflict. Some
even avoid reaching out to help others because their act might stir controversy. Dr Louis
Jolyon West has never hesitated to bring whatever aid, comfort, and support he could give to
those suffering from psychological, psychiatric, or social ills. He has not shied away from
speaking out on issues to which he felt he must bring reason, humane treatment, honesty,
and fairness, even at the risk of physical harm to himself. One of West‟s greatest
contributions has been to demonstrate repeatedly how the role and perspective of a physician
as a healer and scientist can synthesize psychological, social, and political issues.
This chapter [article] discussed exploitative cults, the scientific basis of psychological coercion
(exploitative persuasion), and cult-related myths (some of which take the form of contumely
against critics). Exploitative cults do exist. The issues related to their existence (e.g., help for
victims, lies and distortions of fact about cult critics by cult defenders, exposure and
prosecution of illegal acts perpetrated by totalistic groups that practice exploitative
persuasion, and the further study of exploitative persuasion in today‟s environment) are all
parts of a complicated psychosociopolitical arena. West‟s contributions to this challenging and
controversial arena result from the nexus of three of his life-long professional concerns:
studies of the physiology of emotions, studies of how human interactions have an impact on
physiological reactions and lead toward health or illness, and his sense of social responsibility.
His rational conceptualization of cults as a public health issue provides us with a
dispassionate, logical, and legitimate framework for thinking about what steps a society can
take to deal with the issues involved. West‟s own words best summarize his work and his
perspective they also express the views of others who are involved in giving aid to
ex-members and their families and in trying to prevent cult-related harms before they occur.
Without apology, as a physician, I look at the cult problem with health and disease in
mind. Many people in cults are at risk. Some are already sick. Some are dying. Some
are dead. The stress upon their families generates additional casualties. A public
health strategy is called for. It is my profound hope that such a strategy “will soon be
put into effect. Great suffering might be prevented as a result.
The persuasive techniques used by totalist cults to bind and exploit their members,
while not magical or infallible, are sufficiently powerful and effective to assure the
recruitment of a significant percentage of those approached, and the retention of a
significant percentage of those enlisted ...
Such cults are a genuine menace to society because they cause harm to persons,
families, and the community. Whatever good they do could be done as well or better
by other organizations (i.e., benign religious groups, legitimate health professions,
and so on) that do not pose the same types of risks to individuals and to the public.
The extent of cult-related harm during the past 20 years is sufficient to justify
describing it as an epidemic, and calling for a public health approach to the problem.
The exercise of such an approach should reduce the number and power of cults, and
thus reduce the amount of harm they do, without posing any risk to freedom of
religion or to nontotalist organizations. (pp. 188-189)47
Cultic Studies Journal, Vol. 9, No. 2, 1992, Page 29
Notes
1 The preceding definition owes much of its heritage to Robert J. Lifton and Edgar H.
Schein, whose seminal reports of thought reform and coercive persuasion in China2,3
helped us explicate the social and psychological processes used in modern destructive
cults. In fact, Lifton has applied his concept of ideological totalism to some cult
situations.4
2 **The body of literature from the 1950s and 1960s on the effects of thought reform
programs on civilian and military populations both inside and outside of prison
settings is voluminous. Readers are referred to the works of Albert D. Biderman,50
Lawrence E. Hinkle3, Robert J. Lifton2, Edgar Schein3, Julius Segal3, Margaret Thaler
Singer89, Martin K. Whyte3, and Harold Wolfe.3
3 ***Many of these cases are settled out of court in favor of the plaintiff. As a condition for
payment of damages by the defendant group to the plaintiff, groups often insist that the
court records be sealed. Thus, the general public is unaware of the extent to which ex-cult
members have been awarded damages as compensation for harm they suffered from their
involvement in totalist groups.
4 ****As noted in this chapter and elsewhere,59-63 others who have bravely spoken out about
the dangers of totalistic groups have also been recipients of deceptions, distortions of fact,
and dissimulations, all designed to discredit them.
5 *****In 1968 and again in 1970, the Church of Scientology issued a new order stating
that “Fair Game” would no longer appear on any written policy documents. However,
some believe that the “Fair Game” policy appears to continue as a means to suppress
criticism of the church. As recently as 1984 and 1989, justices in U.S. and London courts
ruled that “Fair Game” practices had been applied to plaintiffs in cases that appeared
before them.63
References
1. American Family Foundation. Cultism A Conference for Scholars and Policy Makers.
Weston, Mass: American Family Foundation 1985.
2. Lifton RJ. Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism: A Study of Brainwashing in
Red China. New York: WW Norton 1963.
3. Schein EH. Coercive Persuasion. New York: WW Norton 1961.
4. Lifton RJ. The Future of Immortality and Other Essays for a Nuclear Age. New York: Basic
Books 1987:15.
5. West LJ, Greenblatt M, eds. Explorations in the Physiology of Emotions. Psychiatric
Research Report No. 12. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association 1960.
6. West LJ, Niell KC, Hardy JD. Effects of hypnotic suggestions on pain perception and
galvanic skin response. AMA Arch Neurol Psychiat. 1952 68:549-560.
7. West LJ, Farber IE. The role of pain in emotional development. In: West LJ, Greenblatt M,
eds. Explorations in the Physiology of Emotions. Psychiatric Research Report No. 12.
Washington, DC American Psychiatric Association 1960:119-126.
8. West LJ, Coburn K. Posttraumatic anxiety. In: Pasnau RO, ed. Diagnosis and Treatment of
Anxiety Disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press 1984:79-113.
9. West LJ. Distinguishing normal fears from abnormal anxiety. J Clin Psychiatry. 1988
October suppl:5-6.
10. West LJ. Psychophysiology of hypnosis. JAMA. 1960 172:672-675.
11. West LJ. Sensory isolation. In: Deutsch A, ed. The Encyclopedia of Mental Health. New
York: Franklin Watts 1963 5:1886-1895.
12. West LJ, Deckert GH. Dangers of hypnosis. JAMA.1963 192:912.
Previous Page Next Page