Cultic Studies Review, Vol. 5, No. 2, 2006, Page 60
xlii Nuclear Threat Initiative, ―Suspects in Jordan Terror Plot Had Instructions for Attack, Witness Say
on Trial,‖ 21 Apr 05, http://www.nti.org/d_newswire/issues/2005_4_21.html, (accessed on 30 Aug
06).
xliii BBC News, ―Jordan Airs Attack ‗Confessions‘‖, 26 Apr 04,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3661495.stm, (retrieved on 30 Aug 06).
xliv Steven C. Welsh, ―United States Indicts Three British Nationals over Alleged Terrorist Plans to
Attack U.S. Financial Targets,‖ 14 Apr 05, CDI International Security Law Project,
http://www.cdi.org/news/law/uk-wmd.cfm, (retrieved on 27 May 05).
xlv Ibid.
xlvi The Economist, ―A Bigger Fish,‖ 5 Aug 04,
http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?story_id=3067985, (accessed on 30 Aug 06). Also see,
Depart of Justice, (12 Apr 05), ―Three British Nationals Indicted on Charges of Conspiring to use WMD,
Providing Material Support to Terrorists,‖ last accessed on 30 Aug 06 at
http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2005/April/05_crm_180.htm
xlvii NOTE: According to recent testimony from Col Najeh al-Azzam of the Jordanian Intelligence
Department: ―An experiment was carried out in the desert in the presence of the Military Prosecutor
Lt. Col. Mahmoud Obeidat where a cloud was formed which could have caused burns, paralysis of the
breathing system and suffocation,‖ al-Azam said. ―So the steps mentioned in al-Jayousi‘s (the cell‘s
lead planner) confession were right 100 percent.‖ Posted on NTI website on 16 Jun 05 in article titled
―Jordan Plot Suspect had Chemical Explosives,‖ retrieved from
http://204.71.60.35/d_newswire/issues/2005_6_16.html.
xlviii Brynjar Lia &Thomas Hegghammer, ―Jihadi Strategic Studies,‖ Studies in Conflict &Terrorism,
(27:355-375: 2004), pp.368-369.
xlix Robert Pape, ―The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism,‖ p. 2.
l Ibid.
li John Parachini, ―Putting WMD Terrorism into Perspective,‖ The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 26,
(Autumn, 2003) 26:4
lii NOTE: In the case of nuclear weapons, the lack of knowledge has been considered one of the chief
obstacles for terrorists in developing a nuclear bomb.
liii According to a briefing by Prof Gunaratna, ―Al-Qaeda-South Asia Links,‖ slide 22, In 2002 stores of
cyanide and other toxic chemicals, laboratory equipments in LeJ safe house in Karachi lends credence
to the fact that Al-Qaeda operatives, working with the LeJ, moved its chemical stores and shipments
of gold out from Afghanistan to reestablish operations from Pakistan. Other reports such as the one
presented in NTI‘s 8 Oct 02 issue implied that a connection once existed involving chemical weapons
and that Pakistini efforts to disrupt activity, at the time, was on-going. See
http://www.nti.org/d_newswire/issues/2002/1/4/3s.html
liv NOTE: John Arquilla, David Ronfeldt, and Michele Zanini, in ―Networks, Netwar, and Information-
Age Terrorism,‖ in Countering the New Terrorism, ed. Ian O. Lesser et al. (Santa Monica, CA: RAND,
MR-989-AF, 1999) p. 51, depict terrorist leadership as derived from a ―set of principles (that) can set
boundaries and provide guidelines for decisions and actions so that members do not have to resort to
a hierarchy—‗they know what they have to do.‘‖ To some the organization may ―appear acephalous
(headless), and at other times polycephalous (Hydra-headed).‖ Al-Qaeda has been described as
essentially inspiring independent cells to achieve broad goals and objects.
lv Martha Crenshaw, ―Theories of Terrorism: Instrumental &Organizational Approaches,‖ pp. 14, 25.
lvi Conversation with Dr. Doug McAdam during recent conference held at Naval Postgraduate School,
5-7 April 2005.
lvii Peter Zimmerman, ―Dirty Bombs: The Threat Revisited,‖ Center for Technology and National
Security Policy, Defense Horizons, No. 38, Jan 04, http://hps.org/documents/RDD_report.pdf (last
accessed on 30Aug 06), pp. 1-3.
xlii Nuclear Threat Initiative, ―Suspects in Jordan Terror Plot Had Instructions for Attack, Witness Say
on Trial,‖ 21 Apr 05, http://www.nti.org/d_newswire/issues/2005_4_21.html, (accessed on 30 Aug
06).
xliii BBC News, ―Jordan Airs Attack ‗Confessions‘‖, 26 Apr 04,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3661495.stm, (retrieved on 30 Aug 06).
xliv Steven C. Welsh, ―United States Indicts Three British Nationals over Alleged Terrorist Plans to
Attack U.S. Financial Targets,‖ 14 Apr 05, CDI International Security Law Project,
http://www.cdi.org/news/law/uk-wmd.cfm, (retrieved on 27 May 05).
xlv Ibid.
xlvi The Economist, ―A Bigger Fish,‖ 5 Aug 04,
http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?story_id=3067985, (accessed on 30 Aug 06). Also see,
Depart of Justice, (12 Apr 05), ―Three British Nationals Indicted on Charges of Conspiring to use WMD,
Providing Material Support to Terrorists,‖ last accessed on 30 Aug 06 at
http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2005/April/05_crm_180.htm
xlvii NOTE: According to recent testimony from Col Najeh al-Azzam of the Jordanian Intelligence
Department: ―An experiment was carried out in the desert in the presence of the Military Prosecutor
Lt. Col. Mahmoud Obeidat where a cloud was formed which could have caused burns, paralysis of the
breathing system and suffocation,‖ al-Azam said. ―So the steps mentioned in al-Jayousi‘s (the cell‘s
lead planner) confession were right 100 percent.‖ Posted on NTI website on 16 Jun 05 in article titled
―Jordan Plot Suspect had Chemical Explosives,‖ retrieved from
http://204.71.60.35/d_newswire/issues/2005_6_16.html.
xlviii Brynjar Lia &Thomas Hegghammer, ―Jihadi Strategic Studies,‖ Studies in Conflict &Terrorism,
(27:355-375: 2004), pp.368-369.
xlix Robert Pape, ―The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism,‖ p. 2.
l Ibid.
li John Parachini, ―Putting WMD Terrorism into Perspective,‖ The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 26,
(Autumn, 2003) 26:4
lii NOTE: In the case of nuclear weapons, the lack of knowledge has been considered one of the chief
obstacles for terrorists in developing a nuclear bomb.
liii According to a briefing by Prof Gunaratna, ―Al-Qaeda-South Asia Links,‖ slide 22, In 2002 stores of
cyanide and other toxic chemicals, laboratory equipments in LeJ safe house in Karachi lends credence
to the fact that Al-Qaeda operatives, working with the LeJ, moved its chemical stores and shipments
of gold out from Afghanistan to reestablish operations from Pakistan. Other reports such as the one
presented in NTI‘s 8 Oct 02 issue implied that a connection once existed involving chemical weapons
and that Pakistini efforts to disrupt activity, at the time, was on-going. See
http://www.nti.org/d_newswire/issues/2002/1/4/3s.html
liv NOTE: John Arquilla, David Ronfeldt, and Michele Zanini, in ―Networks, Netwar, and Information-
Age Terrorism,‖ in Countering the New Terrorism, ed. Ian O. Lesser et al. (Santa Monica, CA: RAND,
MR-989-AF, 1999) p. 51, depict terrorist leadership as derived from a ―set of principles (that) can set
boundaries and provide guidelines for decisions and actions so that members do not have to resort to
a hierarchy—‗they know what they have to do.‘‖ To some the organization may ―appear acephalous
(headless), and at other times polycephalous (Hydra-headed).‖ Al-Qaeda has been described as
essentially inspiring independent cells to achieve broad goals and objects.
lv Martha Crenshaw, ―Theories of Terrorism: Instrumental &Organizational Approaches,‖ pp. 14, 25.
lvi Conversation with Dr. Doug McAdam during recent conference held at Naval Postgraduate School,
5-7 April 2005.
lvii Peter Zimmerman, ―Dirty Bombs: The Threat Revisited,‖ Center for Technology and National
Security Policy, Defense Horizons, No. 38, Jan 04, http://hps.org/documents/RDD_report.pdf (last
accessed on 30Aug 06), pp. 1-3.
