Cultic Studies Review, Vol. 5, No. 2, 2006, Page 46
Figure 1: Structure of Violence
References
1. DOD Directive 2000.12, Protection of DOD Personnel and Resources against Terrorist Acts, June 16,
1986, 15.
2. This very general definition goes back to Brian Michael Jenkins, "International Terrorism: A New
Mode of Conflict," in David Carlton and Carlo Schaerf, eds., International Terrorism and World
Security (London: Croom Helm, 1975), 15.
3. Friedrich Hacker, Terror. Mythos-Realität-Analyse, (Vienna/Munich/Zurich: Fritz Molden, 1973), 21.
4. Compare Bruce Hoffman, Terrorismus—der unerklärte Krieg. Neue Gefahren politischer Gewalt
(Frankfurt a. M., 1999), 16. This, and all other sections cited from German readings, were
translated by E.R. Micewski.
5. Cited after Wilhelm Vossenkuhl, "Herrschaft," in O. Höffe, ed., Lexikon der Ethik (Munich, 1992),
95.
6. Telling in this respect the title of a handbook for IRA volunteers: Handbook for Volunteers of the
Irish Republican Army: Notes on Guerilla Warfare (Boulder/Colorado, 1995). This publication
contains the most important elements of subconventional warfare and guerilla action.
7. Hacker, Op. Cit., 26.
8. Immanuel Kant, "Perpetual Peace," in: On History (Englewood Cliffs: Macmillan Publishing
Company, 1963), Appendix II, 129 [381].
9. Walter Laqueur, The New Terrorism—Fanaticism and the Arms of Mass Destruction (Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1999), 274.
10. Ibid., 11.
11. Hoffman, Op. Cit., 19.
12. Laqueur, Op. Cit., 21.

Cultic Studies Review, Vol. 5, No. 2, 2006, Page 47
13. Hoffman, Op. Cit., 19. The principle to carry out attacks against only ―the guilty‖ was still
observed by the terrorists of the early twentieth century. An example is the assault on the
Russian Sovereign Prince Sergej Alexandrowitsch, perpetrated by a successor organization to the
Narodnaja Wolja in 1905. Once the terrorist tasked to carry out the deed observed that children
of the prince were traveling with their father in the carriage, he immediately broke off the attack
in order not to impose any damage on the family of the sovereign.
14. Ibid., 26.
15. This attitude entered into humanitarian international law regulations in 1977 in the First
Amendment Protocol to the Geneva Convention of 1949.
16. Cited from Hoffmann, "Op. Cit., 30-31.
17. Benjamin Netanyahu, Fighting Terrorism. How Democracies Can Defeat Domestic and
International Terrorist? (New York: Farrar, Straus &Giroux, 1995), 12.
18. Robert Spaemann, "Über den Begriff der Menschenwürde," in Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde/Robert
Spaemann, Hg., Menschenrechte und Menschenwürde. Historische Voraussetzungen—säkulare
Gestalt—christliches Verständnis (P.: Reclam Stuttgart, 1987), 295-313.
19. André Glucksmann in: Karl-Ludwig Bayer, Wer Freiheit und Leistung sichern will, muss die
Ungleichheit der Menschen bejahen.
20. Aristotle, Nikomachean Ethics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), translated by David
Ross, 1109b-1110b.
21. Edwin R. Micewski, Grenzen der Gewalt—Grenzen der Gewaltlosigkeit (Limits of Violence—Limits of
Non-Violence) (Frankfurt a. M.: Peter Lang Publishers House, 1998), 103.
22. Immanuel Kant, The Metaphysics of Morals (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 24,
[230], translated and edited by Mary Gregor.
23. The cause of a cause is at the same time the cause of its effect.
24. Franz Böckle, Fundamentalmoral (Munich, 1978), 259ff.
25. Wolfgang Kersting, "Probleme der politischen Philosophie der internationalen Beziehungen," in
Christina Chwaszcza and Wolfgang Kersting, eds., Politische Philosophie der internationalen
Beziehungen (Frankfurt a. M.: Suhrkamp, 1998), 36ff.
26. Micewski, "Grenzen der Gewalt," Op. Cit., 165.
27. Helmuth von Glasenapp, Glaube und Ritus der Hochreligionen(Hamburg: Fischer, 1960), 120.
28. Immanuel Kant, Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1999), Preface.
Acknowledgment
This article was originally published in the August 2005 (Vol. 4, No. 8) issue of Strategic
Insights (http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/si/), a monthly electronic journal produced by the
Center for Contemporary Conflict at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California.
It is reprinted with permission.
Brigadier General Edwin R. Micewski, Ph.D., specializes in political theory and social
philosophy, particularly the philosophy of law and state, moral questions especially
regarding the use of force, and the ethics of the military. He has lectured widely at the
National Defense Academy, Vienna, and at the University of Linz, and has served as a
research fellow and guest professor with the Department of National Security Affairs at the
Naval Postgraduate School. As the Austrian representative he is carrying out Mobile
Education Programs mainly in Europe in cooperation with the Center for Civil-Military
Relations. Most recent publications include Military Ethics in Professional Military Education –
Revisited Social-political challenges to Postmodern Armed Forces Business Ethics –
Deontologically Revisited Asymmetry and Western Society – Culture-Critical Reflections,
and many more. To contact the author or to find out about the publications go to
www.micewski.com.
This article is an electronic version of an article originally published in Cultic Studies Review, 2006, Volume 5, Number 2,
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