Cultic Studies Review, Vol. 5, No. 2, 2006, Page 45
relativism of fundamental values be overcome without destroying intra-cultural diversity and
independency? The fact is that such a relativism of values is not only intellectually and
morally untenable, but furthermore politically problematic to the extent that it seems
unbearable, if not impossible for mankind, to exist with its consequences in the long haul.
I can see no other way to overcome this ethical relativism than to find a consensus on
fundamental values that is based upon the leading values of the European-Western culture.
If the major forces join in, a process could be launched at the end of which there stands a
moral, supranational (supra-cultural, supra-religious) social contract, providing for an
internationally acknowledged, minimal institution for ethical orientation. In respect to the
subject matter discussed here, this basic global ethical norm would primarily serve to define
the moral criteria for the use of political and non-political force.
Thus it could even be said that a ―Globalization‖ of the most profound ethical norms—
binding for humanity across all boundaries of culture, politics and religion—seems to be an
inevitable claim for future international arrangements.
Cultic Studies Review, Vol. 5, No. 2, 2006, Page 46
Figure 1: Structure of Violence
References
1. DOD Directive 2000.12, Protection of DOD Personnel and Resources against Terrorist Acts, June 16,
1986, 15.
2. This very general definition goes back to Brian Michael Jenkins, "International Terrorism: A New
Mode of Conflict," in David Carlton and Carlo Schaerf, eds., International Terrorism and World
Security (London: Croom Helm, 1975), 15.
3. Friedrich Hacker, Terror. Mythos-Realität-Analyse, (Vienna/Munich/Zurich: Fritz Molden, 1973), 21.
4. Compare Bruce Hoffman, Terrorismus—der unerklärte Krieg. Neue Gefahren politischer Gewalt
(Frankfurt a. M., 1999), 16. This, and all other sections cited from German readings, were
translated by E.R. Micewski.
5. Cited after Wilhelm Vossenkuhl, "Herrschaft," in O. Höffe, ed., Lexikon der Ethik (Munich, 1992),
95.
6. Telling in this respect the title of a handbook for IRA volunteers: Handbook for Volunteers of the
Irish Republican Army: Notes on Guerilla Warfare (Boulder/Colorado, 1995). This publication
contains the most important elements of subconventional warfare and guerilla action.
7. Hacker, Op. Cit., 26.
8. Immanuel Kant, "Perpetual Peace," in: On History (Englewood Cliffs: Macmillan Publishing
Company, 1963), Appendix II, 129 [381].
9. Walter Laqueur, The New Terrorism—Fanaticism and the Arms of Mass Destruction (Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1999), 274.
10. Ibid., 11.
11. Hoffman, Op. Cit., 19.
12. Laqueur, Op. Cit., 21.
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