Cultic Studies Review, Vol. 5, No. 2, 2006, Page 59
xviii Cameron, ―Terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction: Prospects and Problems,‖ p. 63.
xix Author‘s notes from an interview with Prof Gunaratna during the week of 10-15 May 05 in Ottawa,
Canada.
xx Olson, ―Once and Future Threat?‖ 515.
xxi Crenshaw, ―Theories of Terrorism: Instrumental and Organizational Approaches,‖ p. 26.
Xxii Donatella Della Porta, Social Movements, Political Violence, and the State, (New York: Cambridge
University Press, 1995), 157.
xxiii Della Porta, ―Introduction: On Individual Motivations in Underground Political Organizations,‖ 3-28.
xxiv Jackie Fowler, ―Aum Shinrikyo,‖ (17 July 05), University of Virginia,
http://religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu/nrms/aums.html, (retrieved on 2 Sept 05).
xxv Walter Laqueur, ―Voices of Terror,‖ (NY: Reed Press, 2004), pp. 410-419.
xxvi Mark Sageman, Understanding Terror Networks, (PA: Penn Press, 2004), p. 20.
xxvii Donatella Della Porta, ―Left-Wing Terrorism in Italy,‖ found in Terrorism in Context, ed. by Martha
Crenshaw, (Pennsylvania, PA: State University Press, 1995), p. 149.
xxviii Audrey Kurth Cronin, Behind the Curve, International Security, Vol. 27, No. 3 (Winter 2002/03),
p. 45.
xxix Hafez, Why do Muslims Rebel, p. 200.
xxx Ibid, p. 200.
xxx i Hafez, M. (2004), ―Manufacturing Human Bombs: Strategy, Culture, and Conflict in the Making of
Palestinian Suicide Terrorism.‖ Available from: http://www.nijpcs.org/terror/ (last accessed on 30 Aug
06)
xxxii Robert Pape, ―The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism,‖ American Political Science Review, Vol.
97, No. 3 (2003), p. 2.
xxxiii Gavin Cameron, ―Terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction: Prospects and Problems,‖ located
in The New Terrorism by Andrew Tan and Kumar Ramakrishna, (Eastern Universities Press: 2002), p.
53.
xxxi v Matthew Bunn and Anthony Wier, ―The Seven Myths of Nuclear Terrorism,‖ Journal of
Contemporary World Affairs, Current History, Vol. 104, No. 681 (April 2005), p. 154.
xxxv Mark Sageman, Understanding Terror Networks, p. 23.
xxxvi Kimberly McCloud, Gary A. Ackerman, and Jeffrey M. Bale, "Al-Qa`ida's WMD Activities," Monterey
Center for Nonproliferation Studies, http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/other/sjm_cht.htm. (retrieved on 30
Aug 06).
xxxvii Audrey K. Cronin, "Terrorist Motivations for Biological and Chemical Weapons Use," Congressional
Research Service, (28 Mar 03), http://www.fas.org/irp/crs/RL31831.pdf, 7.
xxxviii CNN, ―Insights TRANSCRIPTS‖, show originally aired on 19 Aug 02,
http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0208/19/i_ins.01.html retrieved at CNN‘s website on 12 May
05. NOTE: In 2002, CNN‘s Nic Robertson reported the discovery of over 250 videotapes prepared by
al-Qaeda that was apparently found in a house where bin Ladin had stayed.
xxxix Jeffery Bale et al, ―Ricin Found in London: An al-Qa‘ida Connection‖, (23 Jan 03), Monterey Center
for Nonproliferation Studies, http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/reports/ricin.htm (retrieved on 30 Aug 06).
xl Shelia MacVicar and Henry Schuster, ―European Terror Suspect got al-Qaeda Training, Sources Say,‖
6 Feb 03, http://edition.cnn.com/2003/US/02/06/sprj.irq.alqaeda.links/index.html (accessed 30 Aug
06).
xli Nuclear Threat Initiative, ―Details Emerge on Al-Qaeda Chemical Plot in Jordan,‖ 27 Apr 04,
http://www.nti.org/d_newswire/issues/2004_4_27.html, (accessed 30 Aug 06).

Cultic Studies Review, Vol. 5, No. 2, 2006, Page 60
xlii Nuclear Threat Initiative, ―Suspects in Jordan Terror Plot Had Instructions for Attack, Witness Say
on Trial,‖ 21 Apr 05, http://www.nti.org/d_newswire/issues/2005_4_21.html, (accessed on 30 Aug
06).
xliii BBC News, ―Jordan Airs Attack ‗Confessions‘‖, 26 Apr 04,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3661495.stm, (retrieved on 30 Aug 06).
xliv Steven C. Welsh, ―United States Indicts Three British Nationals over Alleged Terrorist Plans to
Attack U.S. Financial Targets,‖ 14 Apr 05, CDI International Security Law Project,
http://www.cdi.org/news/law/uk-wmd.cfm, (retrieved on 27 May 05).
xlv Ibid.
xlvi The Economist, ―A Bigger Fish,‖ 5 Aug 04,
http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?story_id=3067985, (accessed on 30 Aug 06). Also see,
Depart of Justice, (12 Apr 05), ―Three British Nationals Indicted on Charges of Conspiring to use WMD,
Providing Material Support to Terrorists,‖ last accessed on 30 Aug 06 at
http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2005/April/05_crm_180.htm
xlvii NOTE: According to recent testimony from Col Najeh al-Azzam of the Jordanian Intelligence
Department: ―An experiment was carried out in the desert in the presence of the Military Prosecutor
Lt. Col. Mahmoud Obeidat where a cloud was formed which could have caused burns, paralysis of the
breathing system and suffocation,‖ al-Azam said. ―So the steps mentioned in al-Jayousi‘s (the cell‘s
lead planner) confession were right 100 percent.‖ Posted on NTI website on 16 Jun 05 in article titled
―Jordan Plot Suspect had Chemical Explosives,‖ retrieved from
http://204.71.60.35/d_newswire/issues/2005_6_16.html.
xlviii Brynjar Lia &Thomas Hegghammer, ―Jihadi Strategic Studies,‖ Studies in Conflict &Terrorism,
(27:355-375: 2004), pp.368-369.
xlix Robert Pape, ―The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism,‖ p. 2.
l Ibid.
li John Parachini, ―Putting WMD Terrorism into Perspective,‖ The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 26,
(Autumn, 2003) 26:4
lii NOTE: In the case of nuclear weapons, the lack of knowledge has been considered one of the chief
obstacles for terrorists in developing a nuclear bomb.
liii According to a briefing by Prof Gunaratna, ―Al-Qaeda-South Asia Links,‖ slide 22, In 2002 stores of
cyanide and other toxic chemicals, laboratory equipments in LeJ safe house in Karachi lends credence
to the fact that Al-Qaeda operatives, working with the LeJ, moved its chemical stores and shipments
of gold out from Afghanistan to reestablish operations from Pakistan. Other reports such as the one
presented in NTI‘s 8 Oct 02 issue implied that a connection once existed involving chemical weapons
and that Pakistini efforts to disrupt activity, at the time, was on-going. See
http://www.nti.org/d_newswire/issues/2002/1/4/3s.html
liv NOTE: John Arquilla, David Ronfeldt, and Michele Zanini, in ―Networks, Netwar, and Information-
Age Terrorism,‖ in Countering the New Terrorism, ed. Ian O. Lesser et al. (Santa Monica, CA: RAND,
MR-989-AF, 1999) p. 51, depict terrorist leadership as derived from a ―set of principles (that) can set
boundaries and provide guidelines for decisions and actions so that members do not have to resort to
a hierarchy—‗they know what they have to do.‘‖ To some the organization may ―appear acephalous
(headless), and at other times polycephalous (Hydra-headed).‖ Al-Qaeda has been described as
essentially inspiring independent cells to achieve broad goals and objects.
lv Martha Crenshaw, ―Theories of Terrorism: Instrumental &Organizational Approaches,‖ pp. 14, 25.
lvi Conversation with Dr. Doug McAdam during recent conference held at Naval Postgraduate School,
5-7 April 2005.
lvii Peter Zimmerman, ―Dirty Bombs: The Threat Revisited,‖ Center for Technology and National
Security Policy, Defense Horizons, No. 38, Jan 04, http://hps.org/documents/RDD_report.pdf (last
accessed on 30Aug 06), pp. 1-3.