6 International Journal of Cultic Studies Vol. 4, 2013
application thereof. This application could be
used as a guideline to evaluate the presence or
absence of psychological abuse in a given case
within the three above-mentioned areas.
In the area of manipulative groups or cults, we
reviewed the studies by West and Singer (1980),
Clark et al. (1981), Langone (1982), Andersen
(1983), Singer (1984, 1988), and Rodríguez-
Carballeira (1992), amongst others, and also the
following specific measurement instruments:
• Group Psychological Abuse Scale
(Chambers et al., 1994)
• Individual Cult Experience Index (Winocur,
Whitney, Sorensen, Vaughn, &Foy, 1997)
• Questionnaire with no specific name (Bohm
&Alison, 2001)
• Across Groups Psychological Abuse and
Control Scale (Wolfson, 2002)
In the area of psychological abuse on the
partner, we reviewed the studies performed by
Boulette and Andersen (1985), Follingstad et al.
(1990), Pence and Paymar (1993), Walker
(1994), Bonino (1995), Horley (2000),
Taliaferro (2000), Garrido (2001), Barea (2004),
Labrador, Paz, de Luis, and Fernández-Velasco
(2004), and also the following specific
measurement instruments:
• Conflict Tactics Scales (Straus, 1979) and
the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (Straus,
Hamby, Boney-McCoy, &Sugarman, 1996)
• Index of Spouse Abuse (Hudson &
McIntosh, 1981)
• The Psychological Maltreatment of Women
Inventory (Tolman, 1989, 1995)
• Abusive Behaviour Inventory (Shepard &
Campbell, 1992)
• Non Physical Abuse of Partner Scale
(Garner &Hudson, 1992)
• Emotional Abuse Questionnaire (EAQ)
(Jacobson &Gottman, 1998)
• Emotional Abuse Scale (Murphy &Hoover,
1999)
• Profile of Psychological Abuse (Sackett &
Saunders, 1999)
• Composite Abuse Scale (Hegary, Sheehan,
&Schonfeld, 1999)
• Subtle and Overt Psychological Abuse Scale
(Marshall, 1999)
• Across Groups Psychological Abuse and
Control Scale (Wolfson, 2002)
• Abuse Within Intimate Relationship Scale
(Borjesson, Aarons, &Dunn, 2003)
• Psychological Violence Inventory (Sonkin,
2003)
• Intimate Justice Scale (Jory, 2004)
• Cuestionario de Maltrato Psicológico
(Psychological Maltreatment Questionnaire)
(Navarro-Góngora, Navarro-Abad, Vaquero,
&Carrascosa, 2004)
In the area of mobbing or psychological
abuse in the workplace, we reviewed the
studies performed by Vartia (1991),
Ashforth (1994), Zapf et al. (1996), Neuman
and Baron (1998), and Fendrich et al.
(2002), among others, as well as the
following measurement instruments:
• Leymann Inventory of Psychological
Terrorization – LIPT-45 (Leymann, 1990,
1996) (González de Rivera, 2002, added 15
items and called a Spanish version LIPT-60)
• Negative Acts Questionnaire (Einarsen &
Raknes, 1997), adapted and revised to
Spanish (García, Ruiz, Llor, Blasco, Sáez, &
Campillo, 2004).
• Generalized Workplace Abuse (Richman,
Rospenda, Nawyn, Flaherty, Fendrich,
Drum, &Johnson, 1999)
• Barómetro Cisneros (The Cisneros
Barometer) (Fidalgo &Piñuel, 2004)
• Cuestionario RED (RED Questionnaire)
(Salanova, Grau, Martínez, Cifré, Llorens,
García, Burriel, Bresó, &Schaufeli, 2003).
• Cuestionario MOBB-90 (MOBB-90
Questionnaire) (Boada, De Diego, &Virgil,
2003)
application thereof. This application could be
used as a guideline to evaluate the presence or
absence of psychological abuse in a given case
within the three above-mentioned areas.
In the area of manipulative groups or cults, we
reviewed the studies by West and Singer (1980),
Clark et al. (1981), Langone (1982), Andersen
(1983), Singer (1984, 1988), and Rodríguez-
Carballeira (1992), amongst others, and also the
following specific measurement instruments:
• Group Psychological Abuse Scale
(Chambers et al., 1994)
• Individual Cult Experience Index (Winocur,
Whitney, Sorensen, Vaughn, &Foy, 1997)
• Questionnaire with no specific name (Bohm
&Alison, 2001)
• Across Groups Psychological Abuse and
Control Scale (Wolfson, 2002)
In the area of psychological abuse on the
partner, we reviewed the studies performed by
Boulette and Andersen (1985), Follingstad et al.
(1990), Pence and Paymar (1993), Walker
(1994), Bonino (1995), Horley (2000),
Taliaferro (2000), Garrido (2001), Barea (2004),
Labrador, Paz, de Luis, and Fernández-Velasco
(2004), and also the following specific
measurement instruments:
• Conflict Tactics Scales (Straus, 1979) and
the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (Straus,
Hamby, Boney-McCoy, &Sugarman, 1996)
• Index of Spouse Abuse (Hudson &
McIntosh, 1981)
• The Psychological Maltreatment of Women
Inventory (Tolman, 1989, 1995)
• Abusive Behaviour Inventory (Shepard &
Campbell, 1992)
• Non Physical Abuse of Partner Scale
(Garner &Hudson, 1992)
• Emotional Abuse Questionnaire (EAQ)
(Jacobson &Gottman, 1998)
• Emotional Abuse Scale (Murphy &Hoover,
1999)
• Profile of Psychological Abuse (Sackett &
Saunders, 1999)
• Composite Abuse Scale (Hegary, Sheehan,
&Schonfeld, 1999)
• Subtle and Overt Psychological Abuse Scale
(Marshall, 1999)
• Across Groups Psychological Abuse and
Control Scale (Wolfson, 2002)
• Abuse Within Intimate Relationship Scale
(Borjesson, Aarons, &Dunn, 2003)
• Psychological Violence Inventory (Sonkin,
2003)
• Intimate Justice Scale (Jory, 2004)
• Cuestionario de Maltrato Psicológico
(Psychological Maltreatment Questionnaire)
(Navarro-Góngora, Navarro-Abad, Vaquero,
&Carrascosa, 2004)
In the area of mobbing or psychological
abuse in the workplace, we reviewed the
studies performed by Vartia (1991),
Ashforth (1994), Zapf et al. (1996), Neuman
and Baron (1998), and Fendrich et al.
(2002), among others, as well as the
following measurement instruments:
• Leymann Inventory of Psychological
Terrorization – LIPT-45 (Leymann, 1990,
1996) (González de Rivera, 2002, added 15
items and called a Spanish version LIPT-60)
• Negative Acts Questionnaire (Einarsen &
Raknes, 1997), adapted and revised to
Spanish (García, Ruiz, Llor, Blasco, Sáez, &
Campillo, 2004).
• Generalized Workplace Abuse (Richman,
Rospenda, Nawyn, Flaherty, Fendrich,
Drum, &Johnson, 1999)
• Barómetro Cisneros (The Cisneros
Barometer) (Fidalgo &Piñuel, 2004)
• Cuestionario RED (RED Questionnaire)
(Salanova, Grau, Martínez, Cifré, Llorens,
García, Burriel, Bresó, &Schaufeli, 2003).
• Cuestionario MOBB-90 (MOBB-90
Questionnaire) (Boada, De Diego, &Virgil,
2003)
