International Journal of Cultic Studies ■ Vol. 10, 2019 31
psychological, legal, and historical perspectives (pp. 319–328).
New York, NY: Edwin Mellen Press.
Scheflin, A. W., &Opton, E. M., Jr. (1978). The mind
manipulators. New York, NY: Paddington.
Scott, J. &Marshall, G. (2005). Oxford dictionary of sociology.
New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Scott, S. (2010, April). Revisiting the total institution:
Performative regulation in the reinventive institution. Sociology,
44(2), 213–231.
Scott, S. (2011). Total institutions and reinvented identities. New
York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Simmons, G. (2017, February). Free will and law: Toward a
pragmatic approach. Canadian Journal of Law &Jurisprudence,
30(1), 215-231. doi:10.1017/cjlj.2017.9
Singer, M. T., &Addis, M. (1992). Cults, coercion, and
contumely. In A. Kales, C. M. Pierce, &M, Greenblatt (Eds.), The
mosaic of contemporary psychiatry in perspective (pp. 130–142).
New York, NY: Springer.
Singer, M. T. (with Lalich, J.). (1995). Cults in our midst. San
Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Smith, C. (2014). The sacred project of American sociology.
Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Somit, A. (1968). Brainwashing. In D. Sills (Ed.), International
encyclopedia of the social sciences, vol. 2 (pp. 138–143). New
York, NY: Macmillan.
Stein, A. (2017). Terror, love and brainwashing: Attachment in
cults and totalitarian systems. London, UK: Routledge.
Stinchcombe, A. L. (2001). Disintegrated disciplines and the future
of sociology. In S. Cole (Ed.), What’s wrong with sociology? (pp.
85–97). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Streitfeld, D. (1993). Moon’s church to sell publisher. Washington
Post (Jun 23). Available online at
https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1993/06/23/mo
ons-church-to-sell-publisher/feeb3d6c-9aa5-43ab-855a-
ba8a1368b6b7/?utm_term=.1fbdf811e271
Szmatka, J., &Mazur, J. (1996). Orienting strategies, working
strategies and theoretical research programs in social exchange
theory. Polish Sociological Review, No. 115, 265–288.
Sullivan, M. (2018). Teacher who tried to brainwash his pupils into
“Army of Terrorists” was pals with London Bridge attacker
Khuram Butt. Terror Network, The Sun [UK] (March 2). Available
online at https://thesun.co.uk/news/5684769/london-bridge-
attacker-khuram-butt-friend-terror-teacher-brainwas-pupils/
Taylor, K. (2004). Brainwashing: The science of thought control.
Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Turner, J. H. (2006, June). American sociology in chaos:
Differentiation without integration. The American Sociologist,
37(2), 15–29.
Vanderklippe, N. (2018). Report details China’s Uyghur “re-
education camps.” Globe and Mail [Canada], May 16, A3.
Wagner, D. G., &Berger, J. (1985). Do sociological theories
grow? American Journal of Sociology, 90(4), 697–728.
Walker, P. (2014). “You are brainwashed from the time you know
how to talk.” UN dossier of regime’s human rights abuses contains
appalling stories of how state brutality enforces “racial purity.” The
Guardian (February 17). Available online at
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/17/north-korea-
human-rights-abuses-stories-un-brainwashed
Wright, S. A. (1998). Exploring the factors that shape the apostate
role. In D. G. Bromley (Ed.), The politics of religious apostasy:
The role of apostates in the transformation of religious movements
(pp. 95–114). Westport, CT: Praeger.
Zablocki, B. (1996). Reliability and validity of apostate accounts in
the study of religious communities. Paper presented at the Annual
Meeting of the Association for the Sociology of Religion, August
17, New York, NY. Available online at
https://www.benzablocki.net/the-reliability-and-validity-of-cult-
apostate-accounts/
Zablocki, B. (1997). The blacklisting of a concept: The strange
history of the brainwashing conjecture in the sociology of religion.
Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions,
1(1), 96–121.
Zablocki, B. (1998). Exit cost analysist: A new approach to the
scientific study of brainwashing. Nova Religio: The Journal of
Alternative and Emergent Religions, 1(2), 216–249.
Zablocki, B. (2001). Towards a demystified and disinterested
scientific theory of brainwashing. In B. Zablocki &T. Robbins
(Eds.), Misunderstanding cults: Searching for objectivity in a
controversial field (pp. 159–214). Toronto, ON, Canada:
University of Toronto Press.
Zablocki, B., &Robbins, T. (Eds.). (2001). Misunderstanding
cults: Searching for objectivity in a controversial field. Toronto,
ON, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
Zenz, A. (2018). “Thoroughly reforming them towards a healthy
heart attitude”: China’s political re-education campaign in
Xinjiang. Central Asian Survey, 38(1), 102–128. Available online
at https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/
02634937.2018.1507997. (Published online September 5, 2018.)
doi:10.1080/02634937.2018.1507997
About the Authors
Stephen A. Kent, PhD, Professor of Sociology,
University of Alberta, teaches undergraduate
and graduate courses on the sociology of
religion and the sociology of sectarian groups.
He has published articles in numerous sociology
and religious study journals. His 2001 book,
From Slogans to Mantras: Social Protest and
Religious Conversion in the Late Vietnam War
Era, was selected by Choice: Current Reviews
for Academic Libraries as an Outstanding
Academic Title for 2002. In 2012 he received
The Margaret Thaler Singer Award for
advancing the understanding of coercive
persuasion and undue influence from the
American Cultic Studies Association.
Kelsey Lindquist, BA, is an award-winning
recent graduate (2019) from the Department of
Sociology at the University of Alberta. She
plans to enter graduate school in 2020, studying
issues related to the sociology of knowledge.
psychological, legal, and historical perspectives (pp. 319–328).
New York, NY: Edwin Mellen Press.
Scheflin, A. W., &Opton, E. M., Jr. (1978). The mind
manipulators. New York, NY: Paddington.
Scott, J. &Marshall, G. (2005). Oxford dictionary of sociology.
New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Scott, S. (2010, April). Revisiting the total institution:
Performative regulation in the reinventive institution. Sociology,
44(2), 213–231.
Scott, S. (2011). Total institutions and reinvented identities. New
York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Simmons, G. (2017, February). Free will and law: Toward a
pragmatic approach. Canadian Journal of Law &Jurisprudence,
30(1), 215-231. doi:10.1017/cjlj.2017.9
Singer, M. T., &Addis, M. (1992). Cults, coercion, and
contumely. In A. Kales, C. M. Pierce, &M, Greenblatt (Eds.), The
mosaic of contemporary psychiatry in perspective (pp. 130–142).
New York, NY: Springer.
Singer, M. T. (with Lalich, J.). (1995). Cults in our midst. San
Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Smith, C. (2014). The sacred project of American sociology.
Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Somit, A. (1968). Brainwashing. In D. Sills (Ed.), International
encyclopedia of the social sciences, vol. 2 (pp. 138–143). New
York, NY: Macmillan.
Stein, A. (2017). Terror, love and brainwashing: Attachment in
cults and totalitarian systems. London, UK: Routledge.
Stinchcombe, A. L. (2001). Disintegrated disciplines and the future
of sociology. In S. Cole (Ed.), What’s wrong with sociology? (pp.
85–97). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Streitfeld, D. (1993). Moon’s church to sell publisher. Washington
Post (Jun 23). Available online at
https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1993/06/23/mo
ons-church-to-sell-publisher/feeb3d6c-9aa5-43ab-855a-
ba8a1368b6b7/?utm_term=.1fbdf811e271
Szmatka, J., &Mazur, J. (1996). Orienting strategies, working
strategies and theoretical research programs in social exchange
theory. Polish Sociological Review, No. 115, 265–288.
Sullivan, M. (2018). Teacher who tried to brainwash his pupils into
“Army of Terrorists” was pals with London Bridge attacker
Khuram Butt. Terror Network, The Sun [UK] (March 2). Available
online at https://thesun.co.uk/news/5684769/london-bridge-
attacker-khuram-butt-friend-terror-teacher-brainwas-pupils/
Taylor, K. (2004). Brainwashing: The science of thought control.
Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Turner, J. H. (2006, June). American sociology in chaos:
Differentiation without integration. The American Sociologist,
37(2), 15–29.
Vanderklippe, N. (2018). Report details China’s Uyghur “re-
education camps.” Globe and Mail [Canada], May 16, A3.
Wagner, D. G., &Berger, J. (1985). Do sociological theories
grow? American Journal of Sociology, 90(4), 697–728.
Walker, P. (2014). “You are brainwashed from the time you know
how to talk.” UN dossier of regime’s human rights abuses contains
appalling stories of how state brutality enforces “racial purity.” The
Guardian (February 17). Available online at
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/17/north-korea-
human-rights-abuses-stories-un-brainwashed
Wright, S. A. (1998). Exploring the factors that shape the apostate
role. In D. G. Bromley (Ed.), The politics of religious apostasy:
The role of apostates in the transformation of religious movements
(pp. 95–114). Westport, CT: Praeger.
Zablocki, B. (1996). Reliability and validity of apostate accounts in
the study of religious communities. Paper presented at the Annual
Meeting of the Association for the Sociology of Religion, August
17, New York, NY. Available online at
https://www.benzablocki.net/the-reliability-and-validity-of-cult-
apostate-accounts/
Zablocki, B. (1997). The blacklisting of a concept: The strange
history of the brainwashing conjecture in the sociology of religion.
Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions,
1(1), 96–121.
Zablocki, B. (1998). Exit cost analysist: A new approach to the
scientific study of brainwashing. Nova Religio: The Journal of
Alternative and Emergent Religions, 1(2), 216–249.
Zablocki, B. (2001). Towards a demystified and disinterested
scientific theory of brainwashing. In B. Zablocki &T. Robbins
(Eds.), Misunderstanding cults: Searching for objectivity in a
controversial field (pp. 159–214). Toronto, ON, Canada:
University of Toronto Press.
Zablocki, B., &Robbins, T. (Eds.). (2001). Misunderstanding
cults: Searching for objectivity in a controversial field. Toronto,
ON, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
Zenz, A. (2018). “Thoroughly reforming them towards a healthy
heart attitude”: China’s political re-education campaign in
Xinjiang. Central Asian Survey, 38(1), 102–128. Available online
at https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/
02634937.2018.1507997. (Published online September 5, 2018.)
doi:10.1080/02634937.2018.1507997
About the Authors
Stephen A. Kent, PhD, Professor of Sociology,
University of Alberta, teaches undergraduate
and graduate courses on the sociology of
religion and the sociology of sectarian groups.
He has published articles in numerous sociology
and religious study journals. His 2001 book,
From Slogans to Mantras: Social Protest and
Religious Conversion in the Late Vietnam War
Era, was selected by Choice: Current Reviews
for Academic Libraries as an Outstanding
Academic Title for 2002. In 2012 he received
The Margaret Thaler Singer Award for
advancing the understanding of coercive
persuasion and undue influence from the
American Cultic Studies Association.
Kelsey Lindquist, BA, is an award-winning
recent graduate (2019) from the Department of
Sociology at the University of Alberta. She
plans to enter graduate school in 2020, studying
issues related to the sociology of knowledge.
