International Journal of Cultic Studies ■ Vol. 10, 2019 29
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Jonathan Simmons and two
anonymous reviewers for their helpful and
insightful comments and suggestions.
References
American Psychiatric Association (APA). 2013. Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, Fifth Edition. Washington,
DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Anthony, D. (1982). The outer master as the inner guide:
Autonomy and authority in the process of transformation. Journal
of Transpersonal Psychology, 14(1), 1–36. (Modified reprint also
in D. Anthony, B. Ecker, &K. Wilber [Eds.]. [1987]. Spiritual
choices: The problem of recognizing authentic paths to inner
transformation [pp. 153–191]). New York, NY: Paragon House
Publishers.)
Anthony, D. (2001). Tactical ambiguity and brainwashing
formulations: Science or pseudo science. In B. Zablocki &T.
Robbins (Eds.), Misunderstanding cults: Searching for objectivity
in a controversial field (pp. 215–317). Toronto, ON, Canada:
University of Toronto Press.
Anthony, D., Ecker, B., &Wilber, K. (Eds.). (1987). Spiritual
choices: The problem of recognizing authentic paths to inner
transformation. New York, NY: Paragon House.
Anthony, D., &Robbins, T. (1974). The Meher Baba movement:
Its effect on post-adolescent social alienation. In Zaretsky, I. I., &
Leone, M. P. (Eds.), Religious movements in contemporary
America (pp. 479–511). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Anthony, D., &Robbins, T. (2004). Conversion and
“brainwashing” in new religious movements. In J. R. Lewis (Ed.),
The Oxford handbook of new religious movements (pp. 243–297).
Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Argo, N. (2006, April). Human bombs: Rethinking religion and
terror. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Center for
International Studies Audit of Conventional Wisdom. Available
online at https://cis.mit.edu/sites/default/files/images/Audit_Argo_
HumanBombs.pdf
Balch, R. W., &Langdon, S. (1998). How the problem of
malfeasance gets overlooked in studies of new religions: An
examination of the AWARE study of the Church Universal and
Triumphant. In Anson Shupe (Ed.), Wolves within the fold:
Religious leadership and the abuses of power (pp. 191–211).
Rutgers, NY: Rutgers University Press.
Barker, E. (1984). The making of a Moonie: Choice or
brainwashing? Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
Barker, E. (2003). And the wisdom to know the difference?
Freedom, control and the sociology of religion. Sociology of
Religion, 64(3), 285–307.
Barker, E. (2006). In God’s name: Practising unconditional love to
the death. In T. Ahlbäck &B. Dahla (Eds.), Exercising power: The
role of religions in concord and conflict (pp. 11–25). Ǻbo, Finland:
Donner Institute for Research in Religious and Cultural History.
Barker, E. (2013, September). Doing sociology: Confessions of a
professional stranger. LSE Research Online, 39–54. (Originally
published in T. Hjelm &P. Zuckerman, (Eds.), Studying religion
and society: Sociological self-portraits (2013, pp. 39–54). London:
UK: Routledge. Available online at http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/50870/
Baumeister, R. F., &Moore, A. E. (2014). Recent research on free
will: Conceptualizations, beliefs, and processes. Advances in
Experimental Social Psychology, 50: 1–52.
Beit-Hallahmi, B. (2001). “O truant muse”: Collaborationism and
research integrity. In B. Zablocki &T. Robbins (Eds.),
Misunderstanding cults: Searching for Objectivity in a
Controversial Field (pp. 35–70). Toronto, ON, Canada: University
of Toronto Press.
Berger, J., Willer, D., &Zelditch, M. (2005). Theory programs and
theoretical problems. Sociological Theory, 23(2), 127–155.
Berger, J., &Zelditch, M. (Eds.). (1993). Theoretical research
programs: Studies in the growth of theory. Stanford, CA: Stanford
University Press.
Berger, J., &Zelditch, M. (1997). Theoretical research programs:
A reformulation. In J. Szmatka, J. Skvoretz, &J. Berger (Eds.),
Status, networks, and structure: Theory development in group
processes (pp. 29–46). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Best, J. 2003 (February). Killing the messenger: The social
problems of sociology. Social Problems, 50(1), 1–13.
Boulette, T. R. &Andersen, S. M. (1986). Mind control and the
battering of women. Cultic Studies Journal, 3(1), 19–27.
Bromley, D. G. (1998a). Listing (in black and white) some
observations on (sociological) thought reform. Nova Religio: The
Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions, 1(2), 250–266.
Bromley, D. G. (1998b). The social construction of contested exit
roles: Defectors, whistleblowers, and apostates. In D. G. Bromley
(Ed.), The politics of religious apostasy: The role of apostates in
the transformation of religious movements (pp. 19–48). Westport,
CT: Praeger.
Carter, L. F. (1998). Carriers of tales: On assessing credibility of
apostate and other outsider accounts of religious Practices. In D. G.
Bromley (Ed.), The politics of religious apostasy: The role of
apostates in the transformation of religious movements (pp. 221–
237). Westport, CT: Praeger.
Cole, S. (2001a). Introduction: The social construction of
sociology. In S. Cole (Ed.), What’s wrong with sociology? (pp. 7–
36). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Cole, S. (2001b). Why sociology doesn’t make progress like the
natural sciences. In S. Cole (Ed.), What’s wrong with sociology?
(pp. 37–60). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Crone, D. L., &Levy, N. L. (2018, June). Are free will believers
nicer people? (four studies suggest not). Social Psychology and
Personality Science, 1–8.
Davis, J. A. (2001). What’s wrong with sociology? In S. Cole
(Ed.), What’s wrong with sociology? (pp. 99–119). New
Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Dawson, L. L. (1998). Comprehending cults: The sociology of new
religious movements. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Dawson, L. L. (2001). Raising Lazarus: A methodological critique
of Stephen Kent’s revival of the brainwashing model. In B.
Zablocki &T. Robbins (Eds.), Misunderstanding cults: Searching
for objectivity in a controversial field (pp. 379–400). Toronto, ON,
Canada: University of Toronto Press.
Denyer, S. (2018). Former inmates of China’s Muslim
“reeducation” camps tell of brainwashing, torture. Washington
Post (May 17). Available online at
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/former-
inmates-of-chinas-muslim-re-education-camps-tell-of-
brainwashing-torture/2018/05/16/32b330e8-5850-11e8-8b92-
45fdd7aaef3c_story.html
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Jonathan Simmons and two
anonymous reviewers for their helpful and
insightful comments and suggestions.
References
American Psychiatric Association (APA). 2013. Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, Fifth Edition. Washington,
DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Anthony, D. (1982). The outer master as the inner guide:
Autonomy and authority in the process of transformation. Journal
of Transpersonal Psychology, 14(1), 1–36. (Modified reprint also
in D. Anthony, B. Ecker, &K. Wilber [Eds.]. [1987]. Spiritual
choices: The problem of recognizing authentic paths to inner
transformation [pp. 153–191]). New York, NY: Paragon House
Publishers.)
Anthony, D. (2001). Tactical ambiguity and brainwashing
formulations: Science or pseudo science. In B. Zablocki &T.
Robbins (Eds.), Misunderstanding cults: Searching for objectivity
in a controversial field (pp. 215–317). Toronto, ON, Canada:
University of Toronto Press.
Anthony, D., Ecker, B., &Wilber, K. (Eds.). (1987). Spiritual
choices: The problem of recognizing authentic paths to inner
transformation. New York, NY: Paragon House.
Anthony, D., &Robbins, T. (1974). The Meher Baba movement:
Its effect on post-adolescent social alienation. In Zaretsky, I. I., &
Leone, M. P. (Eds.), Religious movements in contemporary
America (pp. 479–511). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Anthony, D., &Robbins, T. (2004). Conversion and
“brainwashing” in new religious movements. In J. R. Lewis (Ed.),
The Oxford handbook of new religious movements (pp. 243–297).
Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Argo, N. (2006, April). Human bombs: Rethinking religion and
terror. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Center for
International Studies Audit of Conventional Wisdom. Available
online at https://cis.mit.edu/sites/default/files/images/Audit_Argo_
HumanBombs.pdf
Balch, R. W., &Langdon, S. (1998). How the problem of
malfeasance gets overlooked in studies of new religions: An
examination of the AWARE study of the Church Universal and
Triumphant. In Anson Shupe (Ed.), Wolves within the fold:
Religious leadership and the abuses of power (pp. 191–211).
Rutgers, NY: Rutgers University Press.
Barker, E. (1984). The making of a Moonie: Choice or
brainwashing? Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
Barker, E. (2003). And the wisdom to know the difference?
Freedom, control and the sociology of religion. Sociology of
Religion, 64(3), 285–307.
Barker, E. (2006). In God’s name: Practising unconditional love to
the death. In T. Ahlbäck &B. Dahla (Eds.), Exercising power: The
role of religions in concord and conflict (pp. 11–25). Ǻbo, Finland:
Donner Institute for Research in Religious and Cultural History.
Barker, E. (2013, September). Doing sociology: Confessions of a
professional stranger. LSE Research Online, 39–54. (Originally
published in T. Hjelm &P. Zuckerman, (Eds.), Studying religion
and society: Sociological self-portraits (2013, pp. 39–54). London:
UK: Routledge. Available online at http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/50870/
Baumeister, R. F., &Moore, A. E. (2014). Recent research on free
will: Conceptualizations, beliefs, and processes. Advances in
Experimental Social Psychology, 50: 1–52.
Beit-Hallahmi, B. (2001). “O truant muse”: Collaborationism and
research integrity. In B. Zablocki &T. Robbins (Eds.),
Misunderstanding cults: Searching for Objectivity in a
Controversial Field (pp. 35–70). Toronto, ON, Canada: University
of Toronto Press.
Berger, J., Willer, D., &Zelditch, M. (2005). Theory programs and
theoretical problems. Sociological Theory, 23(2), 127–155.
Berger, J., &Zelditch, M. (Eds.). (1993). Theoretical research
programs: Studies in the growth of theory. Stanford, CA: Stanford
University Press.
Berger, J., &Zelditch, M. (1997). Theoretical research programs:
A reformulation. In J. Szmatka, J. Skvoretz, &J. Berger (Eds.),
Status, networks, and structure: Theory development in group
processes (pp. 29–46). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Best, J. 2003 (February). Killing the messenger: The social
problems of sociology. Social Problems, 50(1), 1–13.
Boulette, T. R. &Andersen, S. M. (1986). Mind control and the
battering of women. Cultic Studies Journal, 3(1), 19–27.
Bromley, D. G. (1998a). Listing (in black and white) some
observations on (sociological) thought reform. Nova Religio: The
Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions, 1(2), 250–266.
Bromley, D. G. (1998b). The social construction of contested exit
roles: Defectors, whistleblowers, and apostates. In D. G. Bromley
(Ed.), The politics of religious apostasy: The role of apostates in
the transformation of religious movements (pp. 19–48). Westport,
CT: Praeger.
Carter, L. F. (1998). Carriers of tales: On assessing credibility of
apostate and other outsider accounts of religious Practices. In D. G.
Bromley (Ed.), The politics of religious apostasy: The role of
apostates in the transformation of religious movements (pp. 221–
237). Westport, CT: Praeger.
Cole, S. (2001a). Introduction: The social construction of
sociology. In S. Cole (Ed.), What’s wrong with sociology? (pp. 7–
36). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Cole, S. (2001b). Why sociology doesn’t make progress like the
natural sciences. In S. Cole (Ed.), What’s wrong with sociology?
(pp. 37–60). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Crone, D. L., &Levy, N. L. (2018, June). Are free will believers
nicer people? (four studies suggest not). Social Psychology and
Personality Science, 1–8.
Davis, J. A. (2001). What’s wrong with sociology? In S. Cole
(Ed.), What’s wrong with sociology? (pp. 99–119). New
Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Dawson, L. L. (1998). Comprehending cults: The sociology of new
religious movements. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Dawson, L. L. (2001). Raising Lazarus: A methodological critique
of Stephen Kent’s revival of the brainwashing model. In B.
Zablocki &T. Robbins (Eds.), Misunderstanding cults: Searching
for objectivity in a controversial field (pp. 379–400). Toronto, ON,
Canada: University of Toronto Press.
Denyer, S. (2018). Former inmates of China’s Muslim
“reeducation” camps tell of brainwashing, torture. Washington
Post (May 17). Available online at
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/former-
inmates-of-chinas-muslim-re-education-camps-tell-of-
brainwashing-torture/2018/05/16/32b330e8-5850-11e8-8b92-
45fdd7aaef3c_story.html
