International Journal of Cultic Studies ■ Vol. 10, 2019 i
International Journal of Cultic Studies
Co-Editors
Carmen Almendros, PhD, Associate Professor in Clinical and Health Psychology, Universidad Autónoma
de Madrid, Spain
Dianne Casoni, PhD, Full Professor, École de criminologie, Université de Montréal Associate Professor
of Psychology, Université de Québec à Montréal, Canada
Rod Dubrow-Marshall, PhD, Professor of Psychology and Visiting Fellow, Criminal Justice Hub,
University of Salford, United Kingdom
About the International Journal of Cultic Studies
The International Journal of Cultic Studies (IJCS) is a refereed annual journal that publishes scholarly
research on cultic phenomena across a range of disciplines and professions with a view of making
research results available to researchers, practitioners, and policy makers across the world. IJCS seeks to
advance the understanding of cultic phenomena in their relationship to individuals, families, and society,
notably in their psychological, social, legal, educational, religious, and cultural dimensions.
Many definitions of the term cult exist, and the term has been applied to a wide range of groups.
However, the IJCS does not advocate nor support one particular definition and will consider submissions
related to the full range of perspectives on cultic phenomena and issues that emerge from a scholarly or
scientific study of such phenomena, including those of harm, treatment, individual subjectivity, agency,
creativity, and the boundaries between the individual and society.
IJCS publishes original empirical and theoretical work, as well as literature reviews, scholarly analyses,
book reviews, and case studies across academic disciplines and applied sciences, notably in anthropology,
criminology, ethics, the humanities, law, linguistics, political science, psychology, religious studies, and
sociology, accepting both quantitative and qualitative methodologies.
The International Journal of Cultic Studies (IJCS) is published by the International Cultic Studies
Association (ICSA). As in most scholarly journals, the views expressed in IJCS are solely those of the
authors and do not reflect the views of IJCS’s editors and editorial boards or of ICSA and its directors,
advisory board members, or staff. Groups researched or mentioned in articles published in IJCS are not
necessarily cults, nor should they be seen as undoubtedly harmful.
ISSN: 2154-7270 (print) 2154-7289 (online)
Copyright 2019, International Cultic Studies Association
International Journal of Cultic Studies
Co-Editors
Carmen Almendros, PhD, Associate Professor in Clinical and Health Psychology, Universidad Autónoma
de Madrid, Spain
Dianne Casoni, PhD, Full Professor, École de criminologie, Université de Montréal Associate Professor
of Psychology, Université de Québec à Montréal, Canada
Rod Dubrow-Marshall, PhD, Professor of Psychology and Visiting Fellow, Criminal Justice Hub,
University of Salford, United Kingdom
About the International Journal of Cultic Studies
The International Journal of Cultic Studies (IJCS) is a refereed annual journal that publishes scholarly
research on cultic phenomena across a range of disciplines and professions with a view of making
research results available to researchers, practitioners, and policy makers across the world. IJCS seeks to
advance the understanding of cultic phenomena in their relationship to individuals, families, and society,
notably in their psychological, social, legal, educational, religious, and cultural dimensions.
Many definitions of the term cult exist, and the term has been applied to a wide range of groups.
However, the IJCS does not advocate nor support one particular definition and will consider submissions
related to the full range of perspectives on cultic phenomena and issues that emerge from a scholarly or
scientific study of such phenomena, including those of harm, treatment, individual subjectivity, agency,
creativity, and the boundaries between the individual and society.
IJCS publishes original empirical and theoretical work, as well as literature reviews, scholarly analyses,
book reviews, and case studies across academic disciplines and applied sciences, notably in anthropology,
criminology, ethics, the humanities, law, linguistics, political science, psychology, religious studies, and
sociology, accepting both quantitative and qualitative methodologies.
The International Journal of Cultic Studies (IJCS) is published by the International Cultic Studies
Association (ICSA). As in most scholarly journals, the views expressed in IJCS are solely those of the
authors and do not reflect the views of IJCS’s editors and editorial boards or of ICSA and its directors,
advisory board members, or staff. Groups researched or mentioned in articles published in IJCS are not
necessarily cults, nor should they be seen as undoubtedly harmful.
ISSN: 2154-7270 (print) 2154-7289 (online)
Copyright 2019, International Cultic Studies Association



















































































































