International Journal of Cultic Studies ■ Vol. 10, 2019 i
International Journal of Cultic Studies
Co-Editors
Carmen Almendros, PhD, Associate Professor in Clinical and Health Psychology, Universidad Autónoma
de Madrid, Spain
Dianne Casoni, PhD, Full Professor, École de criminologie, Université de Montréal Associate Professor
of Psychology, Université de Québec à Montréal, Canada
Rod Dubrow-Marshall, PhD, Professor of Psychology and Visiting Fellow, Criminal Justice Hub,
University of Salford, United Kingdom
About the International Journal of Cultic Studies
The International Journal of Cultic Studies (IJCS) is a refereed annual journal that publishes scholarly
research on cultic phenomena across a range of disciplines and professions with a view of making
research results available to researchers, practitioners, and policy makers across the world. IJCS seeks to
advance the understanding of cultic phenomena in their relationship to individuals, families, and society,
notably in their psychological, social, legal, educational, religious, and cultural dimensions.
Many definitions of the term cult exist, and the term has been applied to a wide range of groups.
However, the IJCS does not advocate nor support one particular definition and will consider submissions
related to the full range of perspectives on cultic phenomena and issues that emerge from a scholarly or
scientific study of such phenomena, including those of harm, treatment, individual subjectivity, agency,
creativity, and the boundaries between the individual and society.
IJCS publishes original empirical and theoretical work, as well as literature reviews, scholarly analyses,
book reviews, and case studies across academic disciplines and applied sciences, notably in anthropology,
criminology, ethics, the humanities, law, linguistics, political science, psychology, religious studies, and
sociology, accepting both quantitative and qualitative methodologies.
The International Journal of Cultic Studies (IJCS) is published by the International Cultic Studies
Association (ICSA). As in most scholarly journals, the views expressed in IJCS are solely those of the
authors and do not reflect the views of IJCS’s editors and editorial boards or of ICSA and its directors,
advisory board members, or staff. Groups researched or mentioned in articles published in IJCS are not
necessarily cults, nor should they be seen as undoubtedly harmful.
ISSN: 2154-7270 (print) 2154-7289 (online)
Copyright 2019, International Cultic Studies Association

International Journal of Cultic Studies ■ Vol. 10, 2019 ii
Editorial Board
Marybeth Ayella, PhD, Sociology, St. Joseph’s University, USA
Eileen Barker, PhD, OBE, FBA, Sociology, London School of Economics and Political Science, University of London, UK
Robin Boyle, JD, St. John’s University School of Law, USA
Russell Bradshaw, EdD, Education, City University of New York, USA
Louis Brunet PhD, Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada
Pablo Briñol, PhD, Social Psychology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
Jose Antonio Carrobles, PhD, Clinical and Health Psychology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
Peter Caws, PhD, Philosophy, George Washington University, USA
Manuel de Juan Espinosa, PhD, Clinical and Health Psychology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
Linda Dubrow-Marshall, PhD, Applied Psychology, University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
Enrique Echeburúa, PhD, Clinical and Health Psychology, Universidad del Pais Vasco, Spain
Steve K. D. Eichel, PhD, ABPP, Psychology, Philadelphia University, USA
Ronald Enroth, PhD, Sociology, Westmont College, USA
Manuel Gámez-Guadix, PhD, Clinical and Health Psychology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
Juan Francisco Godoy, PhD, Clinical and Health Psychology, Universidad de Granada, Spain
Lorna Goldberg, LCSW, PsyA, Director, Institute for Psychoanalytic Studies, USA
William Goldberg, LCSW, PsyA, Social Work, Dominican College, USA
Pablo Guérez, JD, Penal Law, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
Mª Ángeles Jiménez Tallón, PhD, Clinical and Health Psychology, Universidad de Murcia, Spain
Stephen Kent, PhD, Sociology, University of Alberta, Canada
María Jesús Martín, PhD, Social Psychology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
José Manuel Martínez, PhD, Social Psychology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
Patricia Mercader, PhD, Institut de Psychologie, Université de Lyon, France
Javier Martín-Peña, Social Psychology, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain
Stephen Mutch, PhD LLB (UNSW), History, Politics, and International Relations, Macquarie University, Australia
Piotr T. Nowakowski, PhD, Associate Professor, University of Rzeszów, Poland
Julio Olea, PhD, Methodology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
Adriana Pacheco Espino Barros, PhD, Editor of Criminologie, I. C.C.C, Canada
Marie-Andrée Pelland, PhD, Sociology, Université de Moncton, Canada
Miguel Perlado, PhD, Barcelona Institute of Psychoanalysis, Spain
María del Mar Ramos, PhD, Sociology, Universidad de Granada, Spain
Álvaro Rodríguez-Carballeira, PhD, Social Psychology, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain
Alan Scheflin, JD, LLM, Santa Clara University Law School, USA
Daniel Shaw, LCSW, Faculty and Clinical Supervisor, National Institute for the Psychotherapies (NIP), New York, USA
Dennis Tourish, PhD, Royal Holloway, University of London, UK
Humberto M. Trujillo, PhD, Social Psychology, Universidad de Granada, Spain
Carlos Villagrasa, JD, Civil Law, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain
Doni Whitsett, PhD, LCSW, University of Southern California School of Social Work, USA