30 International Journal of Cultic Studies ■ Vol. 10, 2019
Dubrow-Marshall, R. (2010). The influence continuum—The
good, the dubious, and the harmful—Evidence and implications for
policy and practice in the 21st century. International Journal of
Cultic Studies, 1(1), 1–12.
Emirbayer, M., &Mische, A. (1998, January). What is agency?
American Journal of Sociology, 103(4), 962–1023.
Flam, H. (1993). Fear, loyalty, and greedy institutions. In S.
Fineman (Ed.), Emotions in organizations (pp. 58–75). London,
UK: Sage.
Goffman, E. (1961). Asylums: Essays on the social situation of
mental patients and other inmates. Garden City, NY: Anchor
Books.
Horowitz, I. L. (1978). Science, sin, and sponsorship. In I. L.
Horowitz (Ed.), Science, sin, and scholarship: The politics of
Reverend Moon and the Unification Church (pp. 260–281).
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Huber, J. (2001). Institutional perspectives on sociology. In S. Cole
(Ed.), What’s wrong with sociology? (pp. 293–318). New
Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Il, K. J. [as told to Tabitha Lasley]. (2014). “I realized I’d been
brainwashed”: The North Korean defector living in London. Vice,
March 20. Available online at https://www.vice.com/en_ca/
article/4w733w/the-north-korean-defector-living-in-london
Keith, B., &Ender, M. G. (2004, January).The sociological core:
Conceptual patterns and idiosyncrasies in the structure and context
of introductory textbooks, 1940–2000. Teaching Sociology, 32(1),
19–36.
Kent, S. A. (2000). Brainwashing in Scientology’s Rehabilitation
Project Force (RPF). Hamburg. Germany: Behörde für Inneres--
Arbeitsgruppe Scientology und Landeszentrale für politische
Bildung.
Kent, S. A. (2001a). Brainwashing programs in The
Family/Children of God and Scientology. In B. Zablocki &T.
Robbins (Eds.), Misunderstanding cults: Searching for objectivity
in a controversial field (pp. 349–378). Toronto, ON, Canada:
University of Toronto Press.
Kent, S. A. (2001b). Compelling evidence: A rejoinder to Lorne
Dawson’s chapter. In B. Zablocki &T. Robbins (Eds.),
Misunderstanding cults: Searching for objectivity in a
controversial field (pp. 401–411). Toronto, ON, Canada:
University of Toronto Press.
Kent, S. A. (2008). Contemporary uses of the brainwashing
concept: 2000 to mid-2007. Cultic Studies Review, 7(2), 99–128.
Kent, S. A. (2009). Post-World War II new religious movements in
the West. In P. B. Clarke &P. Beyer, The world’s religions:
Continuities and transformations (pp. 493–510). London, UK:
Routledge.
Kent, S. A., &Krebs, T. (1998a, October). Academic compromise
in the social scientific study of alternative religions. Nova Religio,
2(1), 44–54.
Kent, S. A., &Krebs, T. (1998b). When scholars know sin:
Alternative religions and their academic supporters. Skeptic, 6(3),
36-44. Available online at https://skent.ualberta.ca/wp-content/
uploads/2014/07/popular-press-When-Scholars-Know-Sin.pdf
Kent, S. A., &Swanson, K. (2017). The history of credibility
attacks against former cult members. International Journal of
Cultic Studies, 8(2):1–35.
Kuhn, T. S. (2012). The structure of scientific revolutions (4th ed.).
Originally published in 1962. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago
Press.
Lalich, J. (2001). Pitfalls in the sociological study of cults. In B.
Zablocki &T. Robbins (Eds.), Misunderstanding cults: Searching
for objectivity in a controversial field (pp. 123 155). Toronto, ON,
Canada: University of Toronto Press.
Lalich, J. (2004). Bounded choice: True believers and charismatic
cults. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Leistedt, S. J. (2013). Behavioural aspects of terrorism. Forensic
Science International, 228, 21–27.
Lifton, R. J. (1961/1989). Thought reform and the psychology of
totalism. (Originally published in 1961 by Victor Gollancz,
London, England.) Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina
Press.
Lipset, S. M. (2001). The state of American sociology. In S. Cole
(Ed.), What’s wrong with sociology? (pp. 247–270). New
Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Loza, W. (2007). The psychology of extremism and terrorism: A
Middle-Eastern perspective. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 12,
141–155.
Marcoulesco, I. (1987/2005). Free will and determinism. In L.
Jones (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Religion, Bibliography, Vol. 5 (2nd
ed., pp. 3199–3202). Originally published in 1987. Available
online at https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3424501081/
GVRL?u=edmo69826&sid=GVRL&xid=40cba456
McDonald, H. (2004). What’s wrong with Falun Gong. The Age
[Australia], October 16. Available online at
http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/10/15/1097784013251.ht
ml?oneclick=true#
Nuraniyah, N. (2018). Not just brainwashed: Understanding the
radicalization of Indonesian female supporters of the Islamic state.
Terrorism and Political Violence, 30(6), 890–910. (Published
online July 6, 2018). Available online at
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09546553.2018.148
1269 doi:10.1080/09546553.2018.1481269
Omar, A. C., &Smith, S. (2017). Generation ISIS: When children
are taught to be terrorists. NBC News (October 21).
Popper, K. R. (1959/1972). The logic of scientific discovery, sixth
impression revised. London, UK: Hutchinson &Co.
Popper, K. R. (1963/1972). Conjectures and refutations: The
growth of scientific knowledge. (Fourth Edition, 1972.) London,
UK: Routledge &Kegan Paul.
Richardson, J. T. (1998). Apostates, whistleblowers, law, and
social control. In D. G. Bromley (Ed.), The politics of religious
apostasy: The role of apostates in the transformation of religious
movements (pp. 171–189). Westport, CT: Praeger.
Richardson, J. T., &Kilbourne, B. (1983). Classical and
contemporary application of brainwashing models: A comparison
and critique. In D. G. Bromley &J. T. Richardson (Eds.), The
brainwashing/deprogramming controversy: sociological,
psychological, legal, and historical perspectives (pp. 29–45). New
York, NY: Edwin Mellen Press.
Robbins, T. (2001). Balance and fairness in the study of alternative
religions. In B. Zablocki &T. Robbins (Eds.), Misunderstanding
cults: Searching for objectivity in a controversial field (pp. 71–98).
Toronto, ON, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
Robbins, T., &Anthony, D. (1980). Brainwashing and the
persecution of “cults.” Journal of Religion and Health, 19(1), 66–
69.
Robbins, T., Anthony, D., &McCarthy, J. (1983). Legitimating
repression. In D. G. Bromley &J. T. Richardson (Eds.), The
brainwashing/deprogramming controversy: Sociological,
Dubrow-Marshall, R. (2010). The influence continuum—The
good, the dubious, and the harmful—Evidence and implications for
policy and practice in the 21st century. International Journal of
Cultic Studies, 1(1), 1–12.
Emirbayer, M., &Mische, A. (1998, January). What is agency?
American Journal of Sociology, 103(4), 962–1023.
Flam, H. (1993). Fear, loyalty, and greedy institutions. In S.
Fineman (Ed.), Emotions in organizations (pp. 58–75). London,
UK: Sage.
Goffman, E. (1961). Asylums: Essays on the social situation of
mental patients and other inmates. Garden City, NY: Anchor
Books.
Horowitz, I. L. (1978). Science, sin, and sponsorship. In I. L.
Horowitz (Ed.), Science, sin, and scholarship: The politics of
Reverend Moon and the Unification Church (pp. 260–281).
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Huber, J. (2001). Institutional perspectives on sociology. In S. Cole
(Ed.), What’s wrong with sociology? (pp. 293–318). New
Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Il, K. J. [as told to Tabitha Lasley]. (2014). “I realized I’d been
brainwashed”: The North Korean defector living in London. Vice,
March 20. Available online at https://www.vice.com/en_ca/
article/4w733w/the-north-korean-defector-living-in-london
Keith, B., &Ender, M. G. (2004, January).The sociological core:
Conceptual patterns and idiosyncrasies in the structure and context
of introductory textbooks, 1940–2000. Teaching Sociology, 32(1),
19–36.
Kent, S. A. (2000). Brainwashing in Scientology’s Rehabilitation
Project Force (RPF). Hamburg. Germany: Behörde für Inneres--
Arbeitsgruppe Scientology und Landeszentrale für politische
Bildung.
Kent, S. A. (2001a). Brainwashing programs in The
Family/Children of God and Scientology. In B. Zablocki &T.
Robbins (Eds.), Misunderstanding cults: Searching for objectivity
in a controversial field (pp. 349–378). Toronto, ON, Canada:
University of Toronto Press.
Kent, S. A. (2001b). Compelling evidence: A rejoinder to Lorne
Dawson’s chapter. In B. Zablocki &T. Robbins (Eds.),
Misunderstanding cults: Searching for objectivity in a
controversial field (pp. 401–411). Toronto, ON, Canada:
University of Toronto Press.
Kent, S. A. (2008). Contemporary uses of the brainwashing
concept: 2000 to mid-2007. Cultic Studies Review, 7(2), 99–128.
Kent, S. A. (2009). Post-World War II new religious movements in
the West. In P. B. Clarke &P. Beyer, The world’s religions:
Continuities and transformations (pp. 493–510). London, UK:
Routledge.
Kent, S. A., &Krebs, T. (1998a, October). Academic compromise
in the social scientific study of alternative religions. Nova Religio,
2(1), 44–54.
Kent, S. A., &Krebs, T. (1998b). When scholars know sin:
Alternative religions and their academic supporters. Skeptic, 6(3),
36-44. Available online at https://skent.ualberta.ca/wp-content/
uploads/2014/07/popular-press-When-Scholars-Know-Sin.pdf
Kent, S. A., &Swanson, K. (2017). The history of credibility
attacks against former cult members. International Journal of
Cultic Studies, 8(2):1–35.
Kuhn, T. S. (2012). The structure of scientific revolutions (4th ed.).
Originally published in 1962. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago
Press.
Lalich, J. (2001). Pitfalls in the sociological study of cults. In B.
Zablocki &T. Robbins (Eds.), Misunderstanding cults: Searching
for objectivity in a controversial field (pp. 123 155). Toronto, ON,
Canada: University of Toronto Press.
Lalich, J. (2004). Bounded choice: True believers and charismatic
cults. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Leistedt, S. J. (2013). Behavioural aspects of terrorism. Forensic
Science International, 228, 21–27.
Lifton, R. J. (1961/1989). Thought reform and the psychology of
totalism. (Originally published in 1961 by Victor Gollancz,
London, England.) Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina
Press.
Lipset, S. M. (2001). The state of American sociology. In S. Cole
(Ed.), What’s wrong with sociology? (pp. 247–270). New
Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Loza, W. (2007). The psychology of extremism and terrorism: A
Middle-Eastern perspective. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 12,
141–155.
Marcoulesco, I. (1987/2005). Free will and determinism. In L.
Jones (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Religion, Bibliography, Vol. 5 (2nd
ed., pp. 3199–3202). Originally published in 1987. Available
online at https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3424501081/
GVRL?u=edmo69826&sid=GVRL&xid=40cba456
McDonald, H. (2004). What’s wrong with Falun Gong. The Age
[Australia], October 16. Available online at
http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/10/15/1097784013251.ht
ml?oneclick=true#
Nuraniyah, N. (2018). Not just brainwashed: Understanding the
radicalization of Indonesian female supporters of the Islamic state.
Terrorism and Political Violence, 30(6), 890–910. (Published
online July 6, 2018). Available online at
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09546553.2018.148
1269 doi:10.1080/09546553.2018.1481269
Omar, A. C., &Smith, S. (2017). Generation ISIS: When children
are taught to be terrorists. NBC News (October 21).
Popper, K. R. (1959/1972). The logic of scientific discovery, sixth
impression revised. London, UK: Hutchinson &Co.
Popper, K. R. (1963/1972). Conjectures and refutations: The
growth of scientific knowledge. (Fourth Edition, 1972.) London,
UK: Routledge &Kegan Paul.
Richardson, J. T. (1998). Apostates, whistleblowers, law, and
social control. In D. G. Bromley (Ed.), The politics of religious
apostasy: The role of apostates in the transformation of religious
movements (pp. 171–189). Westport, CT: Praeger.
Richardson, J. T., &Kilbourne, B. (1983). Classical and
contemporary application of brainwashing models: A comparison
and critique. In D. G. Bromley &J. T. Richardson (Eds.), The
brainwashing/deprogramming controversy: sociological,
psychological, legal, and historical perspectives (pp. 29–45). New
York, NY: Edwin Mellen Press.
Robbins, T. (2001). Balance and fairness in the study of alternative
religions. In B. Zablocki &T. Robbins (Eds.), Misunderstanding
cults: Searching for objectivity in a controversial field (pp. 71–98).
Toronto, ON, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
Robbins, T., &Anthony, D. (1980). Brainwashing and the
persecution of “cults.” Journal of Religion and Health, 19(1), 66–
69.
Robbins, T., Anthony, D., &McCarthy, J. (1983). Legitimating
repression. In D. G. Bromley &J. T. Richardson (Eds.), The
brainwashing/deprogramming controversy: Sociological,



















































































































