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This article is based on a presentation at the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion,
October 24-26, 2003, Norfolk, Virginia.
Michael D. Langone, Ph.D., is a counseling psychologist, is ICSA‘s Executive Director. He
was the founder editor of Cultic Studies Journal (CSJ), the editor of CSJ’s successor, Cultic
Studies Review, and editor of Recovery from Cults. He is co-author of Cults: What Parents
Should Know and Satanism and Occult-Related violence: What You Should Know. Dr.
Langone has spoken and written widely about cults. In 1955, he received the Leo J. Ryan
Award from the ―original‖ Cult Awareness network and was honored as the Albert V.
Danielsen visiting Scholar at Boston University. (mail@icsamail.com )
This article is an electronic version of an article originally published in Cultic Studies Review, 2005, Volume 4,
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