International Journal of Coercion, Abuse, and Manipulation Volume 9, Issue 2 2026 76
Appendix A
Experiential Similarities
a. Isolation 4,10,14
b. New name 6,11
c. New clothes 8,9,11
d. New friends 1,8,13
e. New language 1,10
f. New society 1,13
g. New ‘family’ 1,18,13
h. New personality 5,7,16
i. Fear of leaving freedom is feared 3,8,9
j. Mistrust of outside communities 4,8,13,15
k. Degradation of outside community 1,13
l. Cut off critical thinking skills 4,8,14
m. Absence of healthy boundaries 4,9,13
n. Trained automatic blind obedience 1,8
o. Taught unhealthy thought patterns as healthy 4,15
p. Recipients of societal and media blaming, shaming, stigmatizing 8,12
q. Internalized shame and hopelessness 2,8,10
r. Lost opportunities 8,11
s. New Job – loss of traditional vocational experience 3,8,9
1
1. Bender (2019).
2. Doychak &Raghavan (2020).
3. ETG Curriculum (2014). 4. Hagan, Raghavan &Doychak (2021).
5. Hassan &Shah (2019).
6. Herman (1992).
7. Jenkinson (2008).
8. Lalich &Tobias (2006).
9. Langone (1993).
10. Lifton (1961).
11. Lundstrom, (2019).
12. Raghavan &Doychak (2015).
13. Singer (2003).
14. Stein (2016).
15. Thomas (2014).
16. Usacheva, et al. (2021).
17. West &Martin (1994).

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Connie A. Mitchell |Abuses Produce Similar Psychological Effects in Survivors
Appendix B
Group Retention Similarities
• Trauma-bond – feelings of love for the perpetrator 2, 15, 20, 21
• Hormonal Bonds 14
• Time commitment spent inside 5, 12, 18
• Prospect of being shunned by the ingroup 18, 19
• Elite while inside 1, 18
• Loss of friends and community if leaving 5, 10, 13, 18, 11. 21, 22
• Loss of belief system after exiting 4, 11, 21, 22, 23
• Lack of outside support or contact 5, 8, 17, 21, 23
• Cognitive Dissonance 5, 9, 21
• Family, children, friends, aging parents inside HCG 11, 15, 18
• Poverty, Employment 5, 10, 13, 18, 23
• Source of Addiction 15, 16
• Deception 9, 15, 17, 21
• Learned helplessness 2, 21
• Physical threats, lawsuits, blackmail 2, 3, 5, 15,18
• What does that say about me if I have been naïve enough to be deceived? 7, 21
• The victim believes that the perpetrator loves them. 2, 21
• Fear 6, 21
-Belief in the warnings which were continually reinforced 21
-Total loss of meaning 21, 22
-Terrifying absence of identity 21
• Specific needs, housing, driver’s license, passport, and sustaining employment 5, 23
• • • • 1
1. Bender (2019).
2. Doychak &Raghavan (2020).
3. Dubrow-Marshall (2010).
4. Dubrow-Marshall &Dubrow-Marshall (2015).
5. ETG (2014).
6. Frank &Terwilliger (2017).
7. Gasde &Block (1998).
8. Hagan, Raghavan &Doychak (2021).
9. Hassan &Shah (2019).
10. Johnson, Crisp &Johnson (2021).
11. Lalich (2004).
12. Lalich &Tobias, (2006).
13. Langone (1993).
14. McIlhaney &Bush (2008).
15. Reid (2016).
16. Rousselet, et al. (2017).
17. Singer (1995).
18. Singer (2003).
19. Singer &Lalich (1995).
20. Singer et al. (1990).
21. Stein (2016).
22. Tobias &Lalich (1994).
23. White &Lloyd (2014).