Cultic Studies Journal, Vol. 15, No. 1, 1998, page 18
86. 18 U.S.C. § 2261 (a)(2)
87. 18 U.S.C. § 2261.
88. Hunter, supra note 3, at 565-66.
89. Raymond C. O‟Brien, Domestic Partnership: Recognition and Responsibility, 32 San Diego L. Rev.
163, 165 (1995).
90. See Craig A. Bowman &Blake M. Cornish, A More Perfect Union: A Legal and Social Analysis of
Domestic Partnership Ordinances, 92 Colum. L. Rev. 1164, 1164, 1188-92 (1992) (documenting
twelve United States cities that have passed domestic partnership ordinances).
91. See id., at 1192-93.
92. See generally Lisa R. Zimmer, Note, Family, Marriage, and the Same-Sex Couple, 12 Cardozo L.
Rev. 6781, 681 (1990) (“[T]he shell of that „traditional‟ family structure has begun to crack.”).
93. 42 U.S.C. § 13981(c).
94. 42 U.S.C. § 13981(b).
95. See 42 U.S.C. § 13981 (e)(2).
96. See 42 U.S.C. § 13981(c)
97. See 42 U.S.C. § 1988(b)
98. 935 F. Supp. 779 (W.D.Va. 1996), rev’d, 132 F .3d 949 (4th Cir. 1997)
99. Id. at 784-85.
100. See 42 U.S.C. § 13981(d)(1).
101. Brzonkala, 935 F. Supp. At 784-85.
102. 42 U.S.C. § 13981(d)(2)(A).
103. Brzonkala, 935 F. Supp. At 801.
104. Brzonkala v. Va. Polytechnic &State Univ., 132 F.3d 949 (4th Cir. 1997).
105. Constitutional challenge was also brought in Doe v. Doe, 929 F. Supp. 608 (D. Conn. 1996)
(upholding the constitutionality of VAWA). Compare Kerrie E. Maloney, Note, Gender-Motivated
Violence and Commerce Clause: The Civil Rights Provision of the Violence Against Women Act
After Lopez, 96 Colum. L. Rev. 1876, 1878 (1996) (arguing that the civil rights provisions of
VAWA is constitutional), with Mary C. Carty, Comment, Doe v. Doe and the Violence Against
Women Act: A Post-Lopez Commerce Clause Analysis, 71 St. John‟s L. Rev. 465, 485 (1997)
(arguing that civil rights remedy of VAWA as a proper exercise of Congress‟s power under
Commerce Clause is “questionable”).
106. 514 U.S. 549 (1995).
107. Rep. Patricia Schroeder, VAWA Symposium, supra note 9, at 380-81. Rep. Schroeder ws one
of the authors of the original act.
108. See generally NATIONAL INST. OF JUSTICE, U.S. DEP‟T OF JUSTICE, DOMESTIC VIOLENCE,
STALKING, AND ANTISTATLKING LEGISLATION: AN ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS UNDER THE
VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN ACT 1 (April 1996) [hereinafter Stalking].
109. See Kathleen Krueger, Panel Presentation on Stalking, 25 U. Tol. L. Rev. 903 (1993-94).
110. See Stalking, supra note 108. Some state antistalking statutes have been challenged on
constitutional grounds because of murky distinctions between lawful activity and criminal stalking
activity.
111. See 18 U.S.C. § 2261A.
112. Id.
113. See 42 U.S.C. § 14031.
114. Joan Zorza, Recognizing and Protecting the Privacy and Confidentiality Needs of Battered
Women, 29 Fam. L.Q. 273, 275 (Summer 1995).
115. See Stalking, supra note 108.
116. See id.
117. See id. at 9.
118. See id. at 5-6.
119. See generally Shelly Rosen, Gender Attributes That Affect Women’s Attraction to and
Involvement in Cults, 14 Cultic Stud. J. 22, 26 (1997).
120. See id. at 37 Alexandra Stein, Mothers in Cults: The Influence of Cults on the Relationship of
Mothers to Their Children, 14 Cultic Stud. J. 40, 53 (1997) (“It is important to remember,
however, that many mothers are unable to leave cults.”).
121. Rosen, supra note 119, at 37.
122. See Stalking, supra note 108. at 6.
123. See id.
124. See Lalich supra note 4, at 8-9.
86. 18 U.S.C. § 2261 (a)(2)
87. 18 U.S.C. § 2261.
88. Hunter, supra note 3, at 565-66.
89. Raymond C. O‟Brien, Domestic Partnership: Recognition and Responsibility, 32 San Diego L. Rev.
163, 165 (1995).
90. See Craig A. Bowman &Blake M. Cornish, A More Perfect Union: A Legal and Social Analysis of
Domestic Partnership Ordinances, 92 Colum. L. Rev. 1164, 1164, 1188-92 (1992) (documenting
twelve United States cities that have passed domestic partnership ordinances).
91. See id., at 1192-93.
92. See generally Lisa R. Zimmer, Note, Family, Marriage, and the Same-Sex Couple, 12 Cardozo L.
Rev. 6781, 681 (1990) (“[T]he shell of that „traditional‟ family structure has begun to crack.”).
93. 42 U.S.C. § 13981(c).
94. 42 U.S.C. § 13981(b).
95. See 42 U.S.C. § 13981 (e)(2).
96. See 42 U.S.C. § 13981(c)
97. See 42 U.S.C. § 1988(b)
98. 935 F. Supp. 779 (W.D.Va. 1996), rev’d, 132 F .3d 949 (4th Cir. 1997)
99. Id. at 784-85.
100. See 42 U.S.C. § 13981(d)(1).
101. Brzonkala, 935 F. Supp. At 784-85.
102. 42 U.S.C. § 13981(d)(2)(A).
103. Brzonkala, 935 F. Supp. At 801.
104. Brzonkala v. Va. Polytechnic &State Univ., 132 F.3d 949 (4th Cir. 1997).
105. Constitutional challenge was also brought in Doe v. Doe, 929 F. Supp. 608 (D. Conn. 1996)
(upholding the constitutionality of VAWA). Compare Kerrie E. Maloney, Note, Gender-Motivated
Violence and Commerce Clause: The Civil Rights Provision of the Violence Against Women Act
After Lopez, 96 Colum. L. Rev. 1876, 1878 (1996) (arguing that the civil rights provisions of
VAWA is constitutional), with Mary C. Carty, Comment, Doe v. Doe and the Violence Against
Women Act: A Post-Lopez Commerce Clause Analysis, 71 St. John‟s L. Rev. 465, 485 (1997)
(arguing that civil rights remedy of VAWA as a proper exercise of Congress‟s power under
Commerce Clause is “questionable”).
106. 514 U.S. 549 (1995).
107. Rep. Patricia Schroeder, VAWA Symposium, supra note 9, at 380-81. Rep. Schroeder ws one
of the authors of the original act.
108. See generally NATIONAL INST. OF JUSTICE, U.S. DEP‟T OF JUSTICE, DOMESTIC VIOLENCE,
STALKING, AND ANTISTATLKING LEGISLATION: AN ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS UNDER THE
VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN ACT 1 (April 1996) [hereinafter Stalking].
109. See Kathleen Krueger, Panel Presentation on Stalking, 25 U. Tol. L. Rev. 903 (1993-94).
110. See Stalking, supra note 108. Some state antistalking statutes have been challenged on
constitutional grounds because of murky distinctions between lawful activity and criminal stalking
activity.
111. See 18 U.S.C. § 2261A.
112. Id.
113. See 42 U.S.C. § 14031.
114. Joan Zorza, Recognizing and Protecting the Privacy and Confidentiality Needs of Battered
Women, 29 Fam. L.Q. 273, 275 (Summer 1995).
115. See Stalking, supra note 108.
116. See id.
117. See id. at 9.
118. See id. at 5-6.
119. See generally Shelly Rosen, Gender Attributes That Affect Women’s Attraction to and
Involvement in Cults, 14 Cultic Stud. J. 22, 26 (1997).
120. See id. at 37 Alexandra Stein, Mothers in Cults: The Influence of Cults on the Relationship of
Mothers to Their Children, 14 Cultic Stud. J. 40, 53 (1997) (“It is important to remember,
however, that many mothers are unable to leave cults.”).
121. Rosen, supra note 119, at 37.
122. See Stalking, supra note 108. at 6.
123. See id.
124. See Lalich supra note 4, at 8-9.
