Cultic Studies Review, Vol. 7, No. 2, 2008, Page 39
The Sunday Vision Online. (2007). ―The Urge to Kill Still Haunts Me.‖ (29 September). [Kampala]
Accessed on 1 October 2007 from: http://www.sudayvision.co.ug/detail.php?mainNews
CategoryId=7&newsCategoryId=308&newsId=589199
Taylor, Jenny. (2005). ―Taking Spirituality Seriously: Northern Uganda and Britain‘s ‗Break the Silence‘
Campaign.‖ The Round Table 94:559-574.
United Nations (UN). (2003). ―When the Sun Sets we Start to Worry...‖ An Account of Life in Northern
Uganda. A United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs/Integrated Regional
Information Networks Publication.
Van Acker, Frank. (2004). ―Uganda and the Lord‘s Resistance Army: the New Order No One Ordered.‖
African Affairs 103:335-357.
Vanderwood, Paul. (1994). ―Using the Present to Study the Past: Religious Movements in Mexico and
Uganda a Century Apart.‖ Mexican Studies 10:99-134.
Vinci, Anthony. (2005). ―The Strategic Use of Fear by the LRA.‖ Small Wars and Insurgencies 16
(December). London: Routledge. 360-381.
Ward, Kevin. (2003). ―‗The Armies of the Lord‘: Christianity, Rebels and the State in Northern Uganda,
1986-1999.‖ Journal of Religion in Africa 31:187-221.
Wendo, Charles. (2003). ―Northern Uganda‘s Humanitarian Crisis Shocks UN Chief.‖ Lancet 362. 11
November 2003:1818.
Wessells, Michael. (2006). Child Soldiers: From Violence to Protection. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
Harvard University Press.
White, Luise. (2000). Speaking with Vampires: Rumor and History in Colonial Africa. Los Angeles:
University of California Press.
Zablocki, Benjamin. (1998). ―Exit Cost Analysis: A New Approach to the Scientific Study of
Brainwashing.‖ Nova Religio 1:216-249.
Zarembo, Alan. (1996). ―Kony cult generates terror in Uganda.‖ (29 March 1996) Globe and Mail.
[Amuru, Uganda]:A10.
End Notes
[1] I extend thanks to Sara Dorow for her insights into the plight of children, and Guy Thompson for his
insights about Ugandan social and historical life. I also thank Paul Joosse and anonymous reviewers
for their editorial comments. Special thanks go to Stephen Kent for his editing and his granting me
access to the Kent collection on Alternative Religions, which is housed at the University of Alberta
Library.
2 Tipu Maleng also may refer to ‗clean spirits‘ or dead relatives (HRW 1997, 65 Allen 2006, 35).
3 Today, the UPDF is supposed to protect the Acholi people in northern Uganda from the LRA, but the
UPDF is from the south where many people believe that the Acholi always have killed, and always will
kill, one another (Hovil and Lomo 2004, 20). Sverker Finnström (2003, 11) argues that Acholi culture
is not a ‗culture of violence‘ nevertheless, some UPDF victimize the Acholi culture as a whole by
accusing all Acholi of collaborating with the LRA. As a result, some Ugandans are less sympathetic to
children abducted by the LRA and Museveni has less internal pressure to stop the war in the north
(Mawson 2004, 135).
4 Because of the confusion regarding Alice Auma‘s name change to Alice Lakwena, for the purposes of
this article, I will refer to her by her first name.
5 I cannot go into detail about Alice‘s practices here, but please refer to Heike Behrend‘s (1999a)
book, Alice Lakwena and the Holy Spirits: War in Northern Uganda, 1985-1997, for further
information.
6 One of two scenarios contributed to the failure of Lukoya‘s Lord‘s Army. The first scenario suggests
that the deteriorating health conditions in Acholiland persuaded the Lord‘s Army to focus on medicine
and relief (Behrend 1999b, 28). The second suggests that the Lord‘s Army was defeated in battle in
1989 and that government forces imprisoned Lukoya for years until he ceased claiming to be a savior
and was released to build a church (Allen 2006, 37).
7 Most of these countries enlist soldiers who are sixteen or seventeen, unlike some rebel groups who
will recruit children of any age and throw them into battle with minimal training (Coalition to Stop the
Use of Child Soldiers 2004).
8 For more information about child soldiers in general or child soldiers in other countries, please refer
to the Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers‘ book Child Soldiers: Global Report 2004, or to
Michael Wessells‘s (2006) book Child Soldiers: From Violence to Protection.
The Sunday Vision Online. (2007). ―The Urge to Kill Still Haunts Me.‖ (29 September). [Kampala]
Accessed on 1 October 2007 from: http://www.sudayvision.co.ug/detail.php?mainNews
CategoryId=7&newsCategoryId=308&newsId=589199
Taylor, Jenny. (2005). ―Taking Spirituality Seriously: Northern Uganda and Britain‘s ‗Break the Silence‘
Campaign.‖ The Round Table 94:559-574.
United Nations (UN). (2003). ―When the Sun Sets we Start to Worry...‖ An Account of Life in Northern
Uganda. A United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs/Integrated Regional
Information Networks Publication.
Van Acker, Frank. (2004). ―Uganda and the Lord‘s Resistance Army: the New Order No One Ordered.‖
African Affairs 103:335-357.
Vanderwood, Paul. (1994). ―Using the Present to Study the Past: Religious Movements in Mexico and
Uganda a Century Apart.‖ Mexican Studies 10:99-134.
Vinci, Anthony. (2005). ―The Strategic Use of Fear by the LRA.‖ Small Wars and Insurgencies 16
(December). London: Routledge. 360-381.
Ward, Kevin. (2003). ―‗The Armies of the Lord‘: Christianity, Rebels and the State in Northern Uganda,
1986-1999.‖ Journal of Religion in Africa 31:187-221.
Wendo, Charles. (2003). ―Northern Uganda‘s Humanitarian Crisis Shocks UN Chief.‖ Lancet 362. 11
November 2003:1818.
Wessells, Michael. (2006). Child Soldiers: From Violence to Protection. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
Harvard University Press.
White, Luise. (2000). Speaking with Vampires: Rumor and History in Colonial Africa. Los Angeles:
University of California Press.
Zablocki, Benjamin. (1998). ―Exit Cost Analysis: A New Approach to the Scientific Study of
Brainwashing.‖ Nova Religio 1:216-249.
Zarembo, Alan. (1996). ―Kony cult generates terror in Uganda.‖ (29 March 1996) Globe and Mail.
[Amuru, Uganda]:A10.
End Notes
[1] I extend thanks to Sara Dorow for her insights into the plight of children, and Guy Thompson for his
insights about Ugandan social and historical life. I also thank Paul Joosse and anonymous reviewers
for their editorial comments. Special thanks go to Stephen Kent for his editing and his granting me
access to the Kent collection on Alternative Religions, which is housed at the University of Alberta
Library.
2 Tipu Maleng also may refer to ‗clean spirits‘ or dead relatives (HRW 1997, 65 Allen 2006, 35).
3 Today, the UPDF is supposed to protect the Acholi people in northern Uganda from the LRA, but the
UPDF is from the south where many people believe that the Acholi always have killed, and always will
kill, one another (Hovil and Lomo 2004, 20). Sverker Finnström (2003, 11) argues that Acholi culture
is not a ‗culture of violence‘ nevertheless, some UPDF victimize the Acholi culture as a whole by
accusing all Acholi of collaborating with the LRA. As a result, some Ugandans are less sympathetic to
children abducted by the LRA and Museveni has less internal pressure to stop the war in the north
(Mawson 2004, 135).
4 Because of the confusion regarding Alice Auma‘s name change to Alice Lakwena, for the purposes of
this article, I will refer to her by her first name.
5 I cannot go into detail about Alice‘s practices here, but please refer to Heike Behrend‘s (1999a)
book, Alice Lakwena and the Holy Spirits: War in Northern Uganda, 1985-1997, for further
information.
6 One of two scenarios contributed to the failure of Lukoya‘s Lord‘s Army. The first scenario suggests
that the deteriorating health conditions in Acholiland persuaded the Lord‘s Army to focus on medicine
and relief (Behrend 1999b, 28). The second suggests that the Lord‘s Army was defeated in battle in
1989 and that government forces imprisoned Lukoya for years until he ceased claiming to be a savior
and was released to build a church (Allen 2006, 37).
7 Most of these countries enlist soldiers who are sixteen or seventeen, unlike some rebel groups who
will recruit children of any age and throw them into battle with minimal training (Coalition to Stop the
Use of Child Soldiers 2004).
8 For more information about child soldiers in general or child soldiers in other countries, please refer
to the Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers‘ book Child Soldiers: Global Report 2004, or to
Michael Wessells‘s (2006) book Child Soldiers: From Violence to Protection.
